OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 455 



continues to be cultivated in Britain ; is described by Bauhin . . . ; and is known to grow wild on the 

 mountains of Italy, and as far as Portugal and middle Europe (Pers., Daub., and Lenz). "Oil of 

 savin" according to Lindley "is a powerful local stimulant, acting when applied to the skin as a rube- 

 facient and vesicant," and though dangerous and uncertain when swallowed, is employed in female 

 complaints. (Compare J. Phoenicia var. Lycia.) 



"48 B. C. = ' tsou-youan,' 1st year of Youan-ti or Hiao-youan-ti, of the Han" or Seventh 

 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



Sinapis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon "cerlice," 

 in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century "szerlock," in Scotland " skelloch," in current English 

 callock or carlock or charlock or wild mustard (Prior), in Greece " lampsane " or " lapsana," in which 

 we recognize the "lapsana" on which Caesar's army was obliged to live at Dyrrachium — (Plin.), 

 and the "lampsane" of Dioscorides, a wild potherb whose stem and leaves are cooked and eaten 

 and are more nutritious than "lapathou : " S. arvensis was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, fre- 

 quent from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the " lampsane" is identified in the 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " Suthmoi " of the Egyptians. Westward, with the "napioum" of the Romans: 

 the "lampsana" or "lapsana" is mentioned by Varro ii. 16, and Columella, by Celsus as esculent, 

 and by Pliny xx. 37 as among " silvestres brassicas," a foot high with hairy leaves closely resembling 

 those of " napi : " S. arvensis is described by Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. arvense praecox 

 semine nigro " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Gussone ii. p. 202 in Sicily, and is known 

 to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 

 753, Pers., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 

 become a weed in grain-fields ; and to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer naturalized. 



Sinapis incana of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vrouva" or " lahana tou 

 vounou" (Fraas) or '• lapsana tou vounou" (Sibth.), and the " lampsane " in question — is referred 

 here by Fraas : S. incana was observed by him frequent in Greece. Westward, is described by 

 Hermann parad. pi. 115; and is known to grow in Switzerland, France, Spain, and Portugal 

 (Pers.).- 



" Aug. 9th " (Blair, Clint, and Sm. b. d.), Pompey defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia in Thessaly, 

 and sailing to Egypt, put to death " Sept. 29th " by the guardians of the young Ptolemy XII. ; then 

 engaged in war with the expelled Cleopatra at Pelusium. 



" In autumn" (Clint, iv. p. 274), the Cilician era of Aegae. 



"47, January" (Blair, Clint., and Sm. b. d ), Mithridates of Pergamus with an army from 

 Cilicia and Syria having reached Pelusium, landing of Caesar; who joining forces defeated the Egyp- 

 tians under Ptolemy XII., and obtained full possession of Alexandria. Caesar next proceeded to 

 Zela in Pontus, where he defeated Pharnaces II.; and returning in "July" to Rome, was made 

 annual dictator. 



"December" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, O. Fufius Calenus and P. Vatinius appointed consuls for 

 the remainder of the year by the dictator Caesar. The poet Catullus at this time writing (carm. 53 

 and 113). 



Pinus mughus of middle Europe. The torch-pine of the French; the TEDA of Catullus,— 

 Viro-il geor. ii. 431, Ovid, and Juvenal, described by Pliny xvi. 19 to 30 as growing on the mountains, 

 more abounding in resinous juice than other pines, and used for fire and light in religious ceremonies, 

 may therefore be compared : P. mughus is known to grow on the Alps, from Switzerland to Austria 

 and Silesia (Jacq. rar. i. pi. 193, Pers., A. Dec, and Daub.). " P. pumilio," regarded as not distinct, 

 affords Hungarian balsam (Lindl.). 



"46 B. C." (Censorin., Blair, and Clint), the calendar corrected by Caesar through the aid of 

 Sosi<*enes of Alexandria : and this so-called " Year of confusion " made to consist of " fifteen months 

 and four hundred and forty-five days." 



" 44 B. C." (Appian, and Clint.), after his victory in Spain, Caesar made " dictator for life and 

 consul for ten years ; " an appointment soon followed by his death by the hands of conspirators. In 

 his honour, the month Quintilis received the name of " Julius " through the surviving consul Antony 

 (Cic, and Censorin.). 



Departure of Cleopatra from Rome after the death of Caesar (Cic , and Clint, iii. p. 397). 



"43 B. C." (Sen. ep. 91, and Clint, iv. p. 41), by Plancus, a Roman colony established at Lug- 

 dunum in Gaul (the founding of the city of Lyons). 



"April" (Sueton., Tac, and Sm. biogr. diet), battle at Mutina. The consul C. Vibius Pansa 

 dying of his wounds, his physician Glycon was imprisone'd on suspicion. 



Aristolochia tonga of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called in Greece " ampSlo- 

 klathoriza," in which we recognize the "aristolochia clematitis" and its " sarmentorum " used by 

 ointment-makers according to Glycon — (Scribon. Larg. 206), and Dioscorides : A. longa was 

 observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward, a kind of " aristolochia " called " clematitis " 



