456 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



or by others "cretica" is described by Pliny xxv. 54 as having a root " longissimae tenuitatis vitis 

 novellae:" A. longa is termed "a. longa vera" by Tournefort inst. 162, and is known to occur in 

 Carniolia, Italy, and as .far as Portugal (Mill. pi. 51, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was 

 observed by Thunberg in Japan. The plant according to Lindley continues in medicinal use. 



"Nov. 27th" (Blair, and Clint), the "Second Triumvirate" over the Romans; established by 

 Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, to continue "five years." 



" 42 B. C."' (Blair, and Clint.), defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in Macedonia. 



"41 B. C." (Appian, and Clint, iii. p. 216 and 228), first visit of Antony to Egypt. 



The earliest Latin inscriptions in Egypt, are perhaps those on coins issued by Antony and 

 Cleopatra. 



"38 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), unsuccessful naval warfare of Antony and Octavius against Sextus 

 Pompeius. 



"37 B C." (Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 220), the Jews having been conquered by Sossius, Herod 

 appointed by Antony king at Jerusalem. 



" The same year " (Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 220), return of Antony to Italy ; and the renewal of the 

 Triumvirate between him, Octavius, and Lepidus, for "another five years." 



"36 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), renewal of naval war, and Sextus Pompeius defeated. The fall 

 also of Lepidus, who had taken part against Octavius. And in the East, the Parthian war and dis- 

 astrous retreat of Antony from Media. 



In this year, Varro "eighty" years old writing on Agriculture "re rustica." — He died "B. C. 

 28" (Sra. b. d.). 



Viburnum opalus of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain water-elder (Prior), in 

 France in the time of Ruel "opierus" or "obierus," in current French "obier" (Nugent): the 

 OPVLVS of Varro i. 8, — and Columella v. 6. a shrub resembling the cornel, is referred here by 

 Ruel i. 105, and others : V. opulus is described also by Cordus, Tragus, Matthioli, Gesner, Dodoens, 

 Thalius, and Tabernsmontanus ; is termed "opulus Ruellii " by Tournefort inst. 606; and is known 

 to grow in the woods of France and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 661, Lam. fl. fr., 

 Engl. bot. pi. 332, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the environs 

 of Constantinople. The cultivated variety called guelder-rose or snowball tree (Prior) from the en- 

 larged and barren flowers, is figured by C. Bauhin ; and by European colonists was carried to North- 

 east America, where it continues under cultivation for ornament. 



Acer opalus of the West Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "opulus" of Varro, — and 

 Columella : A. opalus is described as an arborescent shrub (Pers.) ; is termed " acer opalum " by 

 Crescenzio (Spreng.), "a. italum" by Lauth, "a. hispanicum " by Pourret, "a. opulifolium" by 

 Yillars, and is known to grow in Italy (Pers., and Steud.). 



Tritkum monococaim of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Single-seeded wheat is called in Ger- 

 many "einkorn" (Grieb), in France " locular " (Fee), in Italy "farragine" (Targ.), in which we 

 recognize the FARRAGO of Varro, — Virgil, Columella, and others: the " z£ia aplc " single-seeded 

 kind of Dioscorides clearly belongs here : T. monococcum is enumerated by Link as frequent in 

 Greece (Chaub.), but according to Fraas is no longer cultivated there. Westward, occurs in the 

 debris of the ancient lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon) ; is described by Morison viii. pi. 6, and 

 Haller helv. 1425 (Pers.), but its cultivation in middle Europe continues unimportant (A. Dec). 

 In its wild state, is said by Bieberstein to grow from the Crimea to Eastern Caucasus, but this has 

 not been confirmed by other observers (See T. spelta). 



Scirpus (Isolepis) setaccus of Temperate Climates. A diminutive annual kind of rush; and 

 the SCIRPICVLVS mentioned by Varro as made into a little wheel — (Ainsw.), may be compared : 

 I. setaceus is termed " s. omnium minimus capitulo breviore " by Tournefort inst. 528, "s. filiformis" 

 bv Savi as observed by him in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 

 as far as Denmark and Iceland (Hook., fl. Dan. pi. 311, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 

 Sibthorp in marshy ground on the island of Seriphus. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to 

 grow in Australia (Wats.). 



" 35 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the Illyrians defeated by Octavius. According to M. Antonius (Sueton. 

 aug. 63), Octavius had sought in marriage the daughter of the Dacian king Cotiso. 



" 34 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), expedition of Antony into Armenia, and king Artavasdes 

 imprisoned. 



One hundred and twenty-eighth generation. B. C. 34, Sept. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the 

 historian Ptolemaeus of Mendes ; the Greek philosophers, Boethus of Sidon, Athenaeus of Seleucus, 

 Nestor of Tarsus, and Pollio of Tralles ; the physicist Athenodorus of Tarsus ; the historians, Tim- 

 agenes, Nicolaus of Damascus, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ; the grammarians Tvrannion the 

 younger, Conon, Demetrius of Adramyttium, and Didymus ; the rhetors, Timagenes of Alexan- 

 dria, Theodorus of Gadara, Caecilius, Hermagoras the younger, and Dionysius of Pergamus ; other 



