OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



457 



Greek writers, Parthetiius : the Latin writers, the poets Tibullus, Propertius, Quintilius Cremonensis, 

 Varius Rufus, Aemilius Macer ; the historian Livius ; the orators Munatius Plancus, Atratinus ; the 

 grammarian Caecilius Epirota; the editor Plotius Tucca; the rhetors Porcius Latro, Cestius of 

 Smyrna, Passienus, Albutius Silo, M. Seneca Rhetor; other Latin writers, C. Melissus, Tullius 

 Tiro, C. Asinius Pollio, Messala Corvinus ; the Roman actors, Pylades, and Bathyllus ; the Roman 

 painter Arellius (Bryan). 



"33 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), Media and Armenia conquered by the Parthians (Persians). 



" 32 B. C. = ' kien-chi,' rst year Tching-ti or Hiao-tching-ti, of the Han " or Seventh dynasty 

 (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 253). 



" I" this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 95), a ravine dyked in Japan by the emperor Sujin ; forming 

 a reservoir * irom which water was drawn as required to irrigate rice-fields. — Similar construc- 

 tions, some resembling small lakes, "are now to be met with in many parts of Japan." 



"At this time " (Plut., and Clint.), the Libraries at Pergamus said to contain "two hundred thou- 

 sand volumes." 



About this time (see Percev. i. 186), Conos son of Maadd, seeking to expel his brother Nizar 

 from the Mecca territory, driven away by the people. Nizar was elected chief, and is reckoned the 

 nineteenth progenitor of Mohammed. 



"31, Sept. 2d" (Dio, Blair, and Clint.), at Actium, Antony and Cleopatra defeated in naval com- 

 bat by Octavius. 



"30 B. C." (Porphyr., Oros., and Clint), death of Antony ; and on " Sept. 30th," of Cleopatra; 

 the independence of Egypt ceasing, and Octavius becoming the undisputed master of the Roman 

 world. — From this time gold disappears from the Egyptian coinage. 



The removal of obelisks from Egypt, initiated by Octavius. He also continued the temple at 

 Dendera ; and his hieroglyphic ovals occur at Talmis, Kalabsheh, Debot, Dendur, Philae, and on the 

 temple to Isis at Thebes. 



Cornelius Gallus, appointed by him prefect over Egypt, is accused of permitting statues of him- 

 self to be erected, and of having pillaged the city of Thebes. 



" In this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 88, see also Art de verif.), end of the reign of Sujin. He 

 was succeeded by Suinin or Synin, third son of the dairo Siunsin, and now eleventh dairo of Japan. 



" B. C. 29, and under Suinin '' (Jap. centen. comm. 59), " human figures were formed of clay to 

 be buried together with the deceased members of the imperial family, and in this manner to replace 

 the servants who were otherwise obliged to accompany their masters into the grave." 



"In this year" (Dio, and Clint.), Third closing of the temple of Janus, the Romans being at 

 peace among themselves and with all nations. 



Reseda luteola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain weld or woold or 

 yellow-weed, in Spain "gualda" (Prior), in Greece " ohistra," in Egypt "uaeha; " or " blyhah : " the 

 L VT VM of Vitruvius, — Virgil, used for dyeing according to Pliny xxxiii. 26, is referred here by Fe"e : 

 R. luteola is termed " luteola herba salicis folio " by Tournefort inst. 423, is known to occur along 

 roadsides and in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 320, and Pers.), and continues 

 to be employed for dyeing yellow. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 from the Dardanelles to the Peloponnesus. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, Delile, and 

 Clot-Bey, in gardens and growing spontaneously around Cairo. By European colonists, was car- 

 ried to Northeast America, where it has been observed " along roadsides in W. New York etc." (A. 

 Gray). 



Salix caprea of Europe and Northern Asia. The " erratica " willow distinguished from the cul- 

 tivated kind by Vitruvius viii. 13, — mentioned also' by Pliny xix. 8, is referred here by Billerbeck : 

 S. caprea is termed " s. latifolia rotunda" by Tournefort inst. 591; is' known to grow in Italy and 

 throughout Northern and middle Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Vaill., Thuill., fl. Lap. pi. 8, 

 Hook., Pers., and Pollini) ; and according to Lindley, all the sallows should probably be compre- 

 hended under this species. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in certain 

 localities in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas, on the Ural mountains ; and is known to grow throughout 

 Subarctic Asia (Wats., and A. Dec). The species is officinal in the Dublin pharmacopaea, and in 

 that of London for 1824 (Lindl.). 



* Pinus densifiora of Northern Japan. Called by the Ainos "kui," by the Japanese "aka mats" 

 (Sieb.), and from early times used by them in hydraulic constructions "in very damp ground" — 

 (Jap. centenn. comm. 95) : described by Sieb. and Zucc. ; known to grow throughout Japan as far 

 as Yeso; and enumerated by Siebold p. 41 and 170 among the kinds especially fit for shipbuilding 

 and supplying masts. The " kouai " of the Chinese and "finoki " or "saki-kousa" of the Japanese, 

 enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the productions of Yeso, may be compared. 



