458 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Carcx acuta of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with other species segs or sedge, 

 in Anglo-Saxon "secg" (meaning also a small sword, Prior), and the CAR ECT VM of Vitruvius,— 

 and Virgil eel. iii. 20, and " carice pastus acuta" of geor. iii. 231, are referred here by Billerbeck : the 

 " segg "is mentioned in a Wycliffite translation of Ex. iii. 2 (Prior) : C. acuta is known to grow from 

 the Mediterranean throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Icehnd (Curt, 

 lond. iv. pi. 62, Hook., Pers , and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on 

 the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow about Caucasus and in Siberia (Bieb , 

 and Wats.). 



The NIGRVM • INDICVM of Vitruvius, — and Pliny, is referred by Beckmann to India ink : 

 and Pliny xxxv. 25 expressly mentions a kind of ink imported from India The " medan " of Paulus 

 Aegineta is also referred here by F. Adams. " India." ink, notwithstanding the name, is a Chinese 

 manufacture. 



" 28 B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint.), the Pythagorean and Magian Anaxilaus of Larissa, expelled 

 from Rome and Italy by Octavius. 



Valerianella olitoria of Sicily. Called in Britain com salad or lamb's lettuce, classed formerly 

 with lettuces and called in medieval Latin " lactuca agnina " (Prior), called in France " doucette " or 

 " mache " (Nugent) : the " lactucula; thyrsus " eaten habitually by Augustus to allay thirst — (Sueton. 

 77), or " teneris frondens lactucula fibris '' of Columella, may be compared : V. olitoria is termed 

 "sallade de chanoine " by Lobel hist. 412; is described also by Tabernaemontanus i. 475, and 

 Gerarde em. pi. 348 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Barbary throughout middle Europe 

 as far as Sweden (Linn. fl. suec, and Pers.) : and only in Sicily in mountain meads and the open 

 country (Gussone i. 30, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Bory and Chaubard in cultivated 

 ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues in cultivated and fallow ground in our Middle States, and is brought to market in the early 

 spring. 



"27, January" (Blair, and Clint.), the Augustan era. The title " augustus " conferred by the 

 Roman Senate on Octavius, accompanied with the power of imperator for ten years, the censorship, 

 and absolute exemption from the laws. 



Proceeding to Spain, Augustus wrote to Virgil, who in reply states that the Aeneid is not in a fit 

 state to send, hardly begun — (Macrob. sat. i. 24, and Sm. b. d.). The death of Marcellus in " B. C. 

 23 " is alluded to in aen. vi. 883, and the poet died " Sept. 22d, B. C. 19." 



Cissnsviii^iuca of Hindustan. The AMOMVM'ASSYRIVMof Virgil georg. iv. 25, — attributed 

 to Mesopotamia by Strabo xvi p. 290, to Media and Pontus by Dioscorides, to Carduene by Josephus 

 antiq xx. 2, "'indica vite labrusca " according to Pliny xii. 2$, is referred here by Plukenct and 

 others: the similar " amimithi " with which according to Dioscorides it was adulterated, seems in 

 some respects to correspond : C. vitiginea was received from India by Plukenet mant. pi. 337; was 

 observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, in " Kennery jungles etc. common in the rains," by 

 Wight in other parts of the peninsula, and by Roxburgh in Bengal, but no known uses are recorded. 



Gossypntin arboreum of Abyssinia and Yemen. A shrub called in Egypt " cotn el sadjar " tree 

 cotton, in Yemen "otb" or " ddjas " (Forsk.), and possibly the cotton-plant attributed by Virgil geor. 

 ii. 120 to Ethiopia : — a shrub " fruticem quern aliqui gossypion vocant plures xylon," small and grow- 

 ing in the higher part of Egypt towards Arabia, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 2. 3, but the fibres of G. 

 arboreum are not known to have been woven into cloth : the shrub was observed by Forskal, and 

 Delile, in the gardens of Egypt; by Foiskal, p. 125, under cultivation in Yemen, and var. rubrum 

 wild on the mountains; is known to grow wild also in Abyssinia (A. Rich. p. 64). Eastward, is 

 described by Rumphius iv. pi. 13 ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " generally 

 to be met with about houses and in gardens as an ornamental shrub ; " in other parts of Hindustan 

 according to Royle him. 99 only near temples, occurring beyond as far as Celebes (A. Dec). 



Arctium lappa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon "elate," by Chaucer, 

 and by Galfridus pr. pm. " clote,". in current English clot-bur or burdock, in Germany "klette," in 

 France " bardane " (Prior), in Italy " bardana " (Lenz), in Greece "platea" or " platumanlulitha ;" 

 in which we recognize the LAPPA of Virgil geor. i. 153 to iii. 385, — "tenax lappa" of Ovid, or 

 "personatam " bearing according to Pliny xxv. 58 " grandes lappas " and leaves than which none are 

 "latius : " A. lappa is termed " 1. major arctium Dioscoridis" by Tournefort inst. 4^0 ; and is known 

 to occur in waste ground in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 55, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, the "persolata" known to all is identified by Pliny xxv. 66 with the "arcion" of the 

 Greeks; and the "persSnakSam " or •' lappan " of the Romans, in Syn. Diosc. with the " prosbpion " 

 or " pros6pitha " or " arkeion ; " described by Dioscorides as having hairy leaves resembling those of 

 "kolokunthes" but larger, a large root, and employed for various medicinal purposes : A. lappa was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in shaded waste ground in Northern Greece, more rare in Attica 

 and on the Greek islands. Farther South, the "arkthion acher '' of Ebn Baitar is referred here by 



