OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 459 



Sontheimer. Farther East, is known to occur in Siberia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and 

 Thunberg, everywhere along roadsides in Japan and called " gobo " or " uma bufuki." By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in waste ground. The 

 root according to Sprengel is esculent ; and according to Lindley, is employed medicinally, and 

 "reckoned tonic, aperient, sudorific, and diuretic." 



Viburnum Ian tana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lilhy-tree 

 (Prior), in France "viorne" (Nugent), in Italy "lentaggine" or "lantana" or "viburno" (Lenz), 

 in Greece " klSmaxitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the V I B V R N A termed L E N T A by Virgil 

 eel. i. 25, — mentioned also by Columella v. 6 : the "lythwyrt" is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon 

 transl. Apul. 29 and 1 27 : V. lantana is described by Dodoens pempt. 769 ; is termed " wayfaring 

 tree" or "wayfarer" by Gerarde, "viburnum" by Tournefort inst. 607; and is known to grow in 

 Italy and throughout middle Europe, occurring in hedges in Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 341, Lam. fl. fr., 

 Pers., and Prior). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 



Valeriana saliunca of Switzerland. Called in Celtic "saliunca " (Val. Cord. p. 2, and Spreng) ; 

 in which we recognize the SALIVNCA of Virgil eel. v. 17, — growing according to Pliny xxi. 20 and 

 83 in Pannonia and " Norici alpiumque aprica," used medicinally, and placed among clothing on 

 account of its pleasant odour; also the " saliougka " so-called according to Dioscorides by the 

 natives of the Ligurian Alps where it grows : V. saliunca is described by Dalechamp p. 982, Allioni, 

 Villars, and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps, on mount Meri in Savoy, 

 and on mount Ventoux (Reuter, Martins, and A. Dec). The root, according to Wulffenius, and 

 Sprengel, is exported from Trieste Eastward in large quantities to mix in ointments. (See V. 

 celtica.) 



Vaccinium vitis-idaea of Subarctic Climates. A depressed small shrub called in Britain cow- 

 berry (Prior); in which we recognize the VACCINIA gathered according to Virgil, — mentioned 

 also by Vitruvius vii. 14, and Ovid trist. i. 5, by Pliny xvi. 31 as cultivated by slaves in Italy, but in 

 Gaul used to dye garments purple : " red whortle-berries " were adopted as the badge of the M'Leod 

 clan in Scotland (Vincent's ed. Haydn) : V. vitis-idaea is termed " myrtillus exiguus " by Tragus 

 (Spreng.); was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; is known to grow in Switzerland, and Northern 

 Europe as far as Lapland and Greenland (fl. Dan. pi. 40, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, on the 

 higher portion of Caucasus (Bieb.) and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel., and Pall.). 

 Farther East, was observed by Mertens at Norfolk Sound in Alaska; by Drummond, in Lat. 54 

 on the Saskatchawan ; by Richardson, near the Arctic Sea in Lat. 65 ; by myself, from the Lower 

 St. Lawrence throughout the neighbouring portion of New England; by Oakes, as far as Lat. 42° 3c/ 

 along the Atlantic ; and is the upland cranberry, whose berries are brought in quantities to the 

 Boston market. 



Osyris alba of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ginestrella " or "osiride" or 

 " casia poetica" (Lenz), in Greece " pl£ur6t6xul6n " or " n£urot6xulon ; " in which we recognize the 

 C A S I A of Virgil eel. ii. 49 and georg. ii. 213 ; — also the "osyris " described by Pliny xxvii. 88 as 

 having fruit at first black, changing afterwards to reddish, and used by women for "smegmata" 

 scouring: O. alba is described by Lobel pi. 433, and C. Bauhin pin. p. 212; is termed "casia poetica 

 monspeliensium " by Tournefort inst. 664 ; and is known to grow in Italy and other parts of South- 

 ern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.). Eastward, the " osuris " is described by Dioscorides, is written 

 " osiris " by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 93; and O. alba was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chau- 

 ' bard, and Fraas, frequent from the Dardanelles to the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus. 



Rosmarinus officinalis of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rosemary (Prior), 

 in Germany "rosmarin" (Grieb), in France " romarin" (Nugent), in Italy " ramerino " or "rosma- 

 rino" (Lenz), in Greece " thSnthrolivanon " or by the Turks " biberic," in Egypt "klil" or "asel- 

 ban," in which we recognize the M A R I N V S - R S commended for bees by Virgil, — and Columella, 

 mentioned also by Horatius od. iii. 23, Ovid, Servius, Apuleius 79, and as cultivated in Italy by 

 Pliny xvii. 21: R. officinalis is termed "r. spontaneus latiore folio" by Tournefort inst. 195; is 

 known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Lindl., and Lenz), and is besides culti- 

 vated both here and farther North. Eastward, the "rosmarinoum" of the Romans is identified in 

 the Syn. Diosc, and by Pliny, and Galen, with the "livanStis" used for garlands, having according 

 to Dioscorides slender twigs with crowded narrow leaves, green above and white beneath : the 

 "thSnthrolivanon" is mentioned in the Geoponica xi. 16: R. officinalis was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in uncultivated places from the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus, 

 and under cultivation from Constantinople throughout. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, 

 Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, a favourite in the gardens of Egypt. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America prior to 1670 (Joss.), and continues under cultivation ; to the Philip- 

 pines, where it is called in Tagalo "romero" (Blanco); and probably also to Hindustan where it 

 was observed " in gardens " by Graham, and to Japan where it was found by Thunberg cultivated 



