460 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



for medicinal use, no native names being given. According to Lindley, "the admired flavour of 

 Narbonne honey is ascribed to the bees feeding on the flowers," but the plant is principally remark- 

 able for its undoubted power of encouraging the growth of hair, causing "the green colour of the 

 best pomatums," is employed besides in manufacturing " Hungary water, the French vinaigre aux 

 quatre voleurs, and eau de Cologne." 



Cerinthe major of Siberia. An annual called in Italy "cerinta " or "cerinte" (Targ.), in which 

 we recognize the C ER I N TH A of Virgil, — white leaved and sought by bees according to Pliny xxi. 

 41 : C. major is termed " c. glauca" by Moench; is known to grow in Siberia, and to occur also in 

 Switzerland (Roth cat. i. 32, and Pers.). 



Ligustrum vulgare of Eastern Asia? Called in Britain by Tusser "privy" and in current Eng- 

 lish privet (Prior), in France by Ruel "troena" and in current French " troene '' (Nugent), by the 

 Turks "lilak" (Sibth.), in Italy "ligustro" (Lenz), in which we recognize the ALBA • LIGVSTRA 

 of Virgil eel. ii. 18, — "nigrum ligustrum" of Columella x. 300, "candidum ligustrum " of Martial 

 i. 117, and the "ligustrum" described by Pliny xvi. 31 and xxiv. 45 as supposed by some to be 

 identical with the " cypros " (henna) of the East, as " tesseris utilissima," the juice used for " nervis 

 articulis algoribus," and the leaves and berries also employed medicinally : L. vulgare is described by 

 Ruel i. 94, Turner, is termed " ligustrum " by Tournefort inst. 596 ; and is known to grow along hedges 

 throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. v. pi. 1, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, along hedges and in uncultivated places from Constantinople to Smyrna and the 

 Peloponnesus ; is known to grow around Caucasus (A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in 

 mountainous situations everywhere frequent in Japan and called "ibuta" or "ibota." By European 

 colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in gardens as far 

 South as Charleston, and through seeds carried by birds (A. Gray) has become naturalized in our 

 Northern States. 



Fraxinus rostrata of the Mediterranean countries. The FRAXINVS mentioned by Virgil as 

 IN • S Y L V I S ■ PV LCH ER R I AA A, very beautiful in the forest, — may be compared with this species 

 of ash : Pliny xvi. 30 also speaks of the " fraxinus " as a forest-tree of Italy, growing " aquosis mon- 

 tibus," in wet places on the mountains. F. rostrata is described by Gussone, and is known to grow 

 in Southern France, Sardinia, Algeria, Sicily, and Persia ; but has not been found in Roumelia, nor 

 on Caucasus (Griseb., Ledeb., and A. Dec). 



Salix triandra of Europe. The AAOLLESILERof Virgil georg. ii. 11, — growing according to 

 Pliny xvi. 31 in watery places, is referred here by Fraas : S. triandra is termed " s. folio amygdalino 

 utrinque aurito corticem abjiciens " by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is described as a tree thirty feet high 

 that sheds its bark like Platanus (Smith, and Pers.) ; and is known to grow along river-banks in 

 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 72, and Pollini). Eastward, 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, and called there "thia." 



Salix murina of Italy. The A M E R I N A ■ RETINACVLA of Virgil geor. i. 265, used for tying 

 grape-vines, — mentioned also by Columella iv. 30, and Pliny xxiv. 38, are referred here conjecturally 

 by Sprengel (comm. Diosc. i. 135). 



Salix aigentea of Western Europe. The G LA VC A willow of Virgil geor. iv. 183 — is referred 

 here by Sprengel : S. argentea was observed by Linnceus it. goth. in Southern Sweden (Steud.); 

 by Lightfoot, and Hudson, in Britain; by Thuillier, near Paris; and is termed "s. lanata" by 

 Roth. 



Alnus oblongata of the West Mediterranean countries. The ALNVS-PROCERAof Virgil eel. 

 vi. 33 to geor. ii. no — is referred here by Sprengel: A. oblongata is distinguished by Aiton, and 

 Willdenow, and is known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Hyaantltus Orientalis of the West Mediterranean countries ? Called in Britain hyacinth (Prior), 

 in Italy "giacinto" (Lenz), in which we recognize theSVAVE-RVBENS-HYACINTHVSof Virgil, 

 — the "cotlestis luminis " and " coeruleus hyacinthus " of Columella ix. 4. 4 and x. 100, and the 

 "hyacinthus " enumerated by Pliny xxi. 3S and 97 as growing wild in Italy, employed by slave mer- 

 chants to delay puberty in boys, and in Gaul to tinge "hysginum," a purple dye (compare Syn. 

 Diosc, and Vaccinium myrtillus) : H. orientalis is described by Gesner, Matthioli, and was first 

 seen by Lobel "in 1562 ; " is described also by Dodoens, Castor Durantes, and C. Bauhin, is culti- 

 vated as an ornamental plant throughout middle Europe ; and was observed by Gittard near Nisi in 

 the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues a favourite flower in parlours and gardens. 



Hyacinthus Romctnui of the East Mediterranean countries. — Possibly the "niveus hyacinthus " 

 of Columella x. 100, for Pliny xxi. 38 speaks of " hyacinthis," implying more than one kind growing 

 in Italy: H. Romanus is known to occur there in cultivated ground (Pers., and Gawl. in Curt. mag. 

 pi. 939). Eastward, is termed "muscari byzantinum flore candicante " by Tournefort inst. 347 ; and 

 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and on Cyprus. 



