OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 46 1 



Conferva sp. of fresh water. The V LV A' V I R I D I S of Virgil aen. ii. 135 — and Ovid, or " ulva 

 palustris " of Horace sat. ii. 4. 24, is referred by Billerbeck to one or more species of Conferva. 



" The same year " (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, building of the Pantheon by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 

 consul for this year. — The edifice is remarkable for having remained unmutilated, in a perfect state 

 of preservation to the present day. 



" 26 B. C." (Dio, Hieronym., and Clint.), in Egypt, death of the Roman prefect Cornelius 

 Gallus. And through the influence of Augustus, the "Julian year" adopted there; the moveable 

 calendar stopping with New year's day, 1st of Thoth, fixed to August 29th (Blair). C. Petronius was 

 appointed second prefect over Egypt (Strab., and Sueton.). 



Inula helenium of middle Asia ? Called in Anglo-Saxon " hors-helene " and in current English 

 hors-hele or elecampane (Prior), in Germany " alant " (Grieb), in France "auneV or " enule " 

 (Nugent), in Italy " elenio " or "enula campana" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the "inula," the 

 cooking of which was first taught by Horatius, — and the prepared article of diet adopted by Julia 

 Augusta (Cels. iv. 9, and Plin. xix., 29) the "inula" is mentioned also by Columella, Palladius, 

 Vegetius, and Apuleius 95 ; the " elnan helleniumque " by Macer Floridus 44, and the " enula cam- 

 pana " by Joannes de Sancto Amando: I. helenium is described by Anguillara p. 89 (Spreng.) ; is 

 termed "aster omnium maximus helenium dictus " by Tournefort inst. 483 ; and is known to occur in 

 waste ground in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 718, Pers., and 

 Lindl.). Eastward, the "enoula kampana " or " tSrminalioum " of the Romans is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "glSnion,'' described by Dioscorides as having a stem two cubits or more high, yellow 

 flowers, and a large odorous subacrid root: the " innoulam " is mentioned by Sotion (Geopon.): a 

 "confiture" of the roots of "inula campagne" was found by Belon eaten at Constantinople; and I. 

 helenium was observed by Sibthorp in Thessaly. Farther South, the " elgnion " or " sumphuton " or 

 "pgrsiken" or "methiken" or " orgstfiion " or "nektarion" or " kl66nian " or " vaton ithaian " or 

 "phlomon ithaion" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "lenes" of the Egyptians ; "helenium" 

 root is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in Egypt ; and according to 

 Sprengel comm. i. 15 is mixed with costus by the merchants of Commagenes. Farther East, I. 

 helenium was observed by Thunberg under cultivation and growing spontaneously around Jeddo in 

 Japan, but no native name is given. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Josselyn) 

 to Northeast America, where it has become frequent along roadsides in our Northern States, perhaps 

 fairly naturalized. The plant according to Smith, and Lindley, "is generally kept in rustic gardens, 

 on account of many traditional virtues." 



Rosa eglanteria of Eastern Asia ? The QUTCOLOR-PUNICEAE-FLORE-PRIOR-ROSAE 

 of Horatius iv. — is referred by Cornuti p. 12 to the variety of the yellow rose having the inner 

 surface of the petals red : "puniceis rosetis " are mentioned by Virgil eel. v. ; "punicas rosas luteo- 

 lasque " by Columella ix ; "rosae lutei floris " by Scribonius Largus 6r, and Marcellus 1 : the " rosa 

 lutea " with petals altogether yellow, is described by Lobel adv., Dalechamp, Miller, and Linnaeus. 

 Eastward, "hrusa kai mSnophulla'' rotha are mentioned in the addition to Dioscorides i. 130. 



" 25 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), Fourth closing of the temple of Janus ; the Romans being at peace 

 with all nations. 



" 24 B. C." (Dio, Blair, and Clint), expedition of Aelius Gallus down the Red Sea to LSuke 

 k6me (El Haura in Lat. 25 ) ; where he landed his army and proceeded into Arabia. After some 

 days, he reached the territory of Aretas, who received him in a friendly manner: Continuing beyond, 

 using " butter in place of oil " (the temperature rendering butter permanently fluid), he entered the 

 city of Negrana (Nedjran) ; and "six days" beyond, defeated the Arabs armed with "bows, spears, 

 swords, slings, and pole-axes." He next captured the cities of Asca, Athroula, and laid siege to Marsi- 

 ava ; belonging to the Rammanites under king Uasar, and " two days " distant from the Incense coun- 

 try. From the want of water, he was compelled to abandon the siege ; and return to the battle-ground 

 in Negrana in " nine days ; " thence to the Seven wells (El-Hasba) in "eleven ; " and passing Haala 

 (Kholeya ?), and Malotha ( ....), in " sixty days " from Marsiava reached Egra on the sea; in 

 the territory of Obodas, a kinsman of Aretas. He here embarked his army, having lost in battle 

 only " seven " men ; and crossing the Red sea to MuosSrmos, returned down the Nile to Alexandria. 



Psoralea corylifolia of Arabia ? Herbaceous, called in Bengalee " hakooch," in Telinga 

 " bapunga," in Tamil "karpoogum," in Malabar "kaurkoal" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 

 "bawurcheen" (Graham), in Yemen "lobab el abid " (Forsk.) ; and from early times employed 

 medicinally: — observed by Forskal p. 140 among the mountains of Yemen, near water at Taaes. 

 Eastward, by Graham, "a common weed in the Deccan, also in Bombay ; " by Burmann ind. pi. 49, 

 Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula and as far as Bengal, its seeds con- 

 sidered by the natives "stomachic and deobstruent," prescribed also in "leprosy and other cutaneous 

 affections " (Drur., and Lindl.) ; was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah. 



Acalypha Indica of Equatorial Africa ? Herbaceous and annual, called in Telinga " moorkanda," 



