466 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



opians : — observed by Grant in "rocky ground 3 15' N." on the Nile, three feet high, its leaves and 

 stems cooked as spinage by the Wanyamuezi. 



Com nclyna sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the "poa " eaten by the 

 Ethiopians : — observed by Grant on Zanzibar, spinage made of its leaves. 



Co7nmelyna latifolia of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably included in the "poa" eaten by 

 the Ethiopians : —received and described by Hochst. ; observed by Grant "every where on rich soil 

 near huts," and used as a potherb. 



Dombeya multiflora of Eastern Equatorial Africa A tree called " keenga " (Grant) ; probably 

 in some instances furnishing the wooden bows four cubits long used according to Strabo xvii. 2. 3 

 by the Ethiopians : — D. multiflora was received from Africa by Endlicher ; was observed by Grant 

 frequent in "3° N." on the Nile, its wood tough and used for bows. 



Grtwia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree called " mkomo " (Grant) ; and probably 

 furnishing some of the bows in question : — observed by Grant diffused generally from " Unyanyembe 

 5° S." to Madi on the Upper Nile, its wood used for building, for bows and arrows, and its bark for 

 ropes, "no insect is said to touch it." 



Sterculia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably furnishing some of the bows in question : 

 — observed bv Grant in " 3 58' S.," a "shrubby tree," bows made of its wood, and the sultan of 

 Ukuni (in the Unyamuezi country) "has his hut-lashings made from its bark." 



Ki^clia pinnata of Tropical Africa. Called in the Kinyoro language " m'sankwa," in Suahili 

 " malegasa " (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing some of the bows in question : — received from Africa 

 by Decandolle ; and observed by Grant " everywhere," its wood used by the Wanyamuezi for bows, 

 its leaves with sand for polishing spear-handles, and its roasted seeds eaten in famines. 



"4, March 13th " (Jos., and Clint.), at Jerusalem, eclipse of the moon, and death of Herod before 

 the passover. He was succeeded by his son Archelaus ; another son, Herod Antipas, being 

 appointed tetrarch of Galilee. The accession of Herod Antipas is fixed to this year by coins, Jos., 

 and Clint, iv. p. 22. 



The apocryphal book of Enoch written after the death of Herod ; whose reign is included in 

 the condemnation lxxxix. 25. The book is quoted by Jude, Justin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, 

 and other Christian writers down to the time of Syncellus and the patriarch Nicephorus ; and has 

 been preserved in an Abyssinian version, manuscripts of which have at different times been brought 

 to Europe (Stuart in bibl. repos. for 1840, and S. Davidson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.). 



" 2 B. C. = 1st year of the 'youan-cheou ' of Gai-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 



Bubon <1fin~e>fonitu»i of Northern Greece. The PETROSELINVM of the antidote composed 

 for Augustus by Marcianus, — of Celsus v. 23, Cassius the physician, Scribonius Largus 120, Pliny 

 xx. 47, or the "pfitroselinon " of Andromachus, growing according to Dioscorides on crags in Mace- 

 donia, according to Galen antid. i. p. 76 also in Epirus and sold by the Macedonians to all nations, 

 mentioned too by Paulus Aegineta, and termed "the chief condiment" in Geopon. xii. 1, is referred 

 here by writers : the " make'thonision spSrma " is enumerated by Nicolaus Myrepsicus i. t : B. 

 Macedonicum was observed by Belon in market at Constantinople; and by Forskal, under cultiva- 

 tion there in gardens. Westward, is described by Blackwell pi. 382; and is known to occur in 

 Mauritania (Pers.), probably cultivated, as in various parts of Europe where the seeds are sold 

 in the shops (F. Adams). Eastward from Greece, is known to occur in Cochinchina (Pers.), prob- 

 ably cultivated. 



Lavandula stoechas of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens cassidonv from 

 "stoechas sidonia," or French lavender (Prior), in Germany " stochas " (Grieb), in Greece " bamo- 

 livano" or "levantha" (Fraas) or " maurokephali," or by the Turks "cara bach" (Sibth.) ; in which 

 we recognize the S TO EC H A DO S of the antidote of Marcianus, — Celsus viii. 9, Andromachus, 

 Pliny xxvii. 107, Galen, Paulus Aegineta, named according to Dioscorides after the Stoechades 

 isles near Marseilles, and in the added Synonyms identified with the "skiolevina" of the Romans, 

 "ophthalmos puthonos " of the prophets, and Egyptian " souphlo : " the "isthuchudus " of Mesue 

 simpl., and Ebn Baitar, is clearly the "estachudes" imported according to Forskal mat. med. from 

 Barbary and Syria into Egypt, and referred by him with a mark of doubt to this species of Lavan- 

 dula : L. stoechas is enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac ; has 

 long been employed by the Arabs as "expectorant and antispasmodic" (Lindl.) ; but the living 

 plant according to Clot-Bey has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Farther North, L. 

 stoechas is described by Fuchsius 778 (Spreng.) ; is termed "stoechas purpurea" by Tournefort 

 inst. 201 ; was observed by Sibth orp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and 

 Greek islands to Northern Greece ; is known to grow also in Italy, Southern France Barbary, and 

 Spain (Pers., and Lenz). 



"1 B. C." (Dion, ind., Ephiphan., Cassiodor., and Clint.), at Rome, " Cn. Cornelius Lentulus 

 Cossus and L. Calpurnius Piso" consuls for this year. 



