e 



468 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Micropus erectus of the Mediterranean countries. TbeCENTVNCVLVM called by the Greeks 

 "gnaphalitha," prescribed by Julius Bassus, — Scribonius Largus 121, and the " herbam incoctam" 

 by Marcellus 29, described by Pliny xxiv. 88 as lying in cultivated ground, its leaves like " capitis 

 penularum " woolen caps, may be compared : M. erectus was observed by Lcefling pi. 1 f. 5 in Spam ; 

 and is known to occur in cultivated ground in France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, the " ken- 

 tougkloum" of the Romans is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. iii. 120; and M. erectus was observed by 

 Sibthorp frequent on Cyprus and other Greek islands. 



Santolina maritima of the seashore along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. 

 Called in Greece " vamvatzitha ; " and the "gnaphalitha" in question — according to Syn. Diosc. 

 should be the " gnaphalion " of Dioscorides having soft white leaves substituted for down, and 

 infused in wine against dysentery: S. maritima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 frequent on the seashore of the Greek islands. Farther South, the "gnaphalion" or "ires" or 

 " ampStokos " or " anaxeton " or " anaphalis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " sem£6n " of the 

 Egyptians ; and S. maritima was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. West- 

 ward, with the " gedasonen " of the Gauls, and " toukoularis " or " alvinous " of the Romans ; and th< 

 account by Pliny xxvii. 61 of the " gnaphalion " or " cliamaezelon " seems in part taken from Dio- 

 scorides : S. maritima is described by Matthioli p. 625, Lobel, Dodoens, and Clusius ; is termed 

 "gnaphalium maritimum " by Tournefort inst. 461 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 161 in Bar- 

 bary, and is known to grow on the Atlantic shore of France and as far as Suffolk in England (Engl, 

 bot. pi. 141, Pers., and Spreng.). 



"The same year = ' youan-chi,' 1st year of Hiao-ping-ti," one hundred and seventh Chinese 

 emperor (Chin, chron. table, and Pauth.) ; " nine " years old, and under the regency of Wang-mang. 



" 2 A. D." (Veil. ii. 101, and Clint.), on an island in the Euphrates, interview of Caius Caesar 

 with the Parthian king Phraates ; witnessed by the historian Velleius Paterculus. 



"3 A. D." (Clint.), the empire for " ten years," for the fourth time accepted by Augustus. 

 The author of the poem interpolated as the "Third book of Tibullus " is styled Lygdamus, and 

 by his own account should be in this year 45 years old (Sm. b. d.). 



Amaranthus caudalus of Subtropical Eastern Asia? Called in Britain love-lies-bleeding: the 

 AMARANTHVSof Lygdamus 4, — and Ovid . . . , a purple spike according to Pliny xxi. 23 rather 

 than a flower, coming in August and continuing into autumn, plucked and kept in "alexandrino 

 palma " and when moistened reviving for winter garlands, may be compared : A. caudatus is described 

 by Miller (Steud ), is well known in the gardens of Europe, and escaping occurs in some localities 

 growing spontaneously (A. Dec). Eastward and Southward, is known to occur in Russia and Persia 

 (Pers.) ; in waste ground in Abyssinia (A. Dec); in the gardens of Hindustan, but devoid of a 

 Sanscrit name (Roxb., Pidd., and Graham), in Ceylon, and in Nepaul (Pers., and A. Dec). Proba- 

 bly by European colonists carried to Peru (Pers.), but no American specimens seen by Moquin, nor 

 by A. Decandolle. (See Sedum eriocarpum.) 



" 4 A. D. = 4th year of the ' youan-chi ' of Hiao-ping-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 

 the Forty-fifth cycle. 



"The same year" (Veil., and Clint.), death of Caius Caesar in Lycia, and Tiberius adopted by 

 Augustus. Tiberius now in command of the Roman armies was sent into Germany, accompanied by 

 the historian Velleius-Paterculus as praefectus equitum (Sm. biogr. diet.).* 



" 6 A. D. = 1st year of the interregnum of Jou-tseu-ying," under the protectorship of Wang- 

 mang — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth ). 



"The same year" (Jos., Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 256), Archelaus successor of Herod, banished 

 from Jerusalem. 



About this time (Percev. i. 77 to 292), Yacer-Younim, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen. 

 — He undertook an expedition into the West, and advancing as far as the VVadi-rraml, Valley of 

 sands, set up a statue inscribed with mousnad or Himyarite characters. These characters — contin- 

 ued in use until the time of Mohammed, when they were supplanted by the modern Arabic. 



Hypericum (Androsamum) ojficmale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called at 

 Padua "ciciliana" (Anguillara), in other parts of Italy " androsemo " (Lenz), in which we recognize 

 the ANAPOCAIMON of Niger, — identified by Dioscorides i. praef. and iii. 163 with the " thionu- 



* Asparagus tenuifolius of middle and Western Europe. The HERBAM'SIMILLIMAM' 

 ASPARAGO observed by Tiberius Caesar in the plains of upper Germany, — or the "incultius 

 asparago" growing on mountains and milder than the "corruda" according to Pliny xix. 42, or the 

 " £l£ios asparagos " of Galen . . . , may be compared : A. tenuifolius is described by C. Bauhin pin. 

 594 ; and is known to grow on mountains and in marshy situations in Hungary and Southern France 

 (Waldst. and Kit., Lam. end., and Pers.). 



