OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 469 



siatha,'' a shrub with red branches, leaves thrice as large as those of " peganou," terminal yellow 

 flowers, fruit marked with lines, the bruised inflorescence exhaling a resinous odour, and the plant 

 applied to restrain the flow of blood : A. officinale was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 

 Westward, the " androsaemon " is described by Pliny xxvii. 10 as growing in vineyards, and applied 

 to wounds : the " cecilianae " is mentioned by Belon obs. i. 17 (ed. Clus.) ; A. officinale is described by 

 Anguillara p. 92 (Spreng.), and Dodoens p. 78; is termed "a. maximum frutescens " by Tournefort 

 inst. 25-1, and is known to grow in woods in Italy, Southern France, and even in Britain (All. ped. 

 1440, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 48, and Pers.). The dried plant is called " androsamum" in the drug-shops 

 of Italy (Lenz) ; and according to Lindley, " the leaves once much esteemed as vulnerary, and still 

 employed with great confidence in cases of recent wounds by rustic nurses." 



Hy pericum fierfoliatum of the East Mediterranean countries. The " anthrosaimon " — is how- 

 ever described by Dioscorides as having " anthelia mikra " small flowers, and is referred here by 

 Sibthorp, Sprengel, and Fraas : H. perfoliatum is termed "h. creticum amplissimo folio nitido" by 

 Tournefort cor. 18 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Zacynthus and throughout Greece to 

 the vicinity of Constantinople, in shaded situations and called at present "lfiihenohorton " or " mur5- 

 thia." Farther West, was observed by Columna ecphr. i. p. 78 in Apulia in Southern Italy, and is 

 termed " androsemum sambac perfoliato folio " by Boccone mus. pi. 127. 



Aloe vulgaris of Abyssinia. Yellow-flowered and called in Egypt " sabbarah," on Cyprus 

 "aloe," and seemingly connected with the mistake of Niger in supposing the drug "aloe" dug out 

 of the ground in Judea ; — clearly the " aloe " of Dioscorides praef. and iii. 22 growing in Asia and 

 by the seaside on Andros and other islands, its thick leaves spinulose and spreading backwards : A. 

 vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Farther West, the "aloe" or "amphivion" or 

 " eruggion " or "firminon" or "tragok£r6s" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " aloam " of the 

 Romans ; the " aloe " is described by Pliny xxvii. 5 as somewhat resembling " scillae " but larger with 

 the leaves more fleshy, the stem not unlike " antherico ; " A. vulgaris is described by C. Bauhin pin. 

 286, and Tournefort inst. 366, and is known to continue under cultivation in Italy, Malta, Sicily, and 

 Barbary (Lindl.). Southward and Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of 

 Egypt ; by Forskal p. 73, at the port of Lohaja in Tropical Arabia ; by Rheede xi. pi. 3, and Roxburgh, 

 in Hindustan, by Graham "common in gardens" at Bombay and called "kuar pur," and by myself, 

 growing spontaneously on the Deccan. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 

 where it continues under cultivation, and its product is exported under the name of " Barbadoes aloes " 

 (Pers., and Lindl.). 



"7 A. D." (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Papeyan succeeded by his son Ronmokkha, now Bur- 

 mese king ; " a good man skilled in the Vedas," — and who reigned " fifteen " years. 



"Probably about A. D. 7" (Sm. b. d.), P. Ouintilius Varus, having returned from Syria, sent 

 into Germany as governor, the first one having civil as well as military power. — In attempting to 

 introduce Roman institutions, he was opposed by the people, who found a leader in Arminius chief of 

 the Cherusci. 



Armeniaca vulgaris of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain apricot or by old writers 

 abrecocke,\n Spain " albaricoque " (Prior), in Germany " aprikose " (Grieb), in France "abricot" 

 (Nuo-ent), in ijaly " albicocco " or " arbricocco " or " armeniaco " (Lenz), in Greece " prikokkia " or 

 " venkokkia " (Fraas), by the Arabs of Spain and Barbary in the time of Ebn Baitar " barkouk " but 

 by Eastern Arabs "mishmish" (as to the present day in Egypt and Yemen), but at Mocha as 

 heard by myself sometimes " bertoud," in which we recognize the "venkokkia" of Varro and Quin- 

 tilii (Geopon. iii. 1), or the "praecocia " ripening in summer and known to the Romans for " thirty '' 



years according to Pliny xv. n. : the "praecoccia " or "praecoqua" or "armeniaca" is mentioned 



also by Columella v. 10, Palladius xii. 7. 6, and Rutilius; the "armeniaka" or " praikokia " by Dios- 

 corides, and the " prikokkia " by Galen fac. alim. ii. 20 : A. vulgaris was observed by Chaubard, and 

 Fraas under cultivation in Greece, and is known to be cultivated throughout middle and Western 

 Europe. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under 

 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is known to occur in Persia (Roxb. ii. p. 501) ; 

 is cultivated in the valley of Cashmere, besides springing up spontaneously on the site of abandoned 

 villages (Royle him. p. 205), has been observed under cultivation within the Tropics as far as the 

 environs of Bombay (Graham), is called in Hindustanee " khubani," in Bengalee " phal bishesli " 

 (D'roz.), but has no Sanscrit name (Pidd., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where the product continues uncertain on account of spring frosts ; to Oregon, 

 prior to the visit of our Expedition ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it is 

 cultivated but never flowers. 



"8 A. D.= 1st year of the ' tsou-chi ' of Jou-tseu-yng" (Chinese chron. table). 

 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Bazen succeeded by Za- 

 Senatu, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " twenty-six " years. 



