470 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"9 A. D. = ist year of the open usurpation of Sin-mang " or Wang-mang— (Chinese chron. 

 table). 



"The same year" (Veil., Dio, and Clint.), the Romans under Quintilius Varus defeated in 

 Germany. 



" The same year " (Clint.), the poet Ovid, at the age of " fifty," banished to Pontus on the 

 Euxine. 



Artemisia, procera of the Uralian plains. The country North and East of the Black Sea 

 TRISTIA- PER- VACVOS • HORRENT' ABSI NTH I A • CAMPOS according to Ovid epist. i. 3; 

 — and Benedict of Poland with Plan Carpin found " plurimum absincium " in the country North 

 of the Caspian : A. procera is described by Lobel ic. 768 ; and is known to grow from France and 

 Italy to Siberia (Pers.). Is besides enumerated by Lindley among the species which have been 

 used medicinally. 



Satureja hortensis of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain savoury, in France 

 "savored," in Italy "savorregia" (Prior) or " santoreggia domestica" (Lenz), on Malta " sarriette " 

 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the SATVR El A of Ovid, — mentioned by Celsus ii. 21 as esculent, 

 by Pliny xix. 50 as a cultivated condiment, also mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 57, and Martial : S. 

 hortensis was observed by Forskal on Malta, is known to grow wild in Italy and France (Pers., and 

 Lenz), is besides cultivated throughout Western Europe. By European colonists, was carried prior 

 to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has escaped 

 therefrom to the prairies of Illinois and the rocky islets of the Falls of the Ohio (Short, and A. 

 Gray) . 



Narcissus biflorus of the West Mediterranean countries. The NARCISSVS of Ovid, CRO 

 CEVM'PRO'CORPORE'FLOREM...FOLIIS'MEDIVM'CINGENTIBVS- A L B I S, — may 

 be compared : N. biflorus is described by Marcellus Virgilius, and is known to grow wild on the 

 Appenines (Spreng.) and in Spain (Pers.). As a garden flower farther North is described by 

 Dodoens pi. 223, is termed "n. poeticus " by Hudson (Pers.), but has become naturalized in various 

 parts of Europe, and from at least the time of Gerarde no to 112 in Britain (Park. th. pi. 75, Ray, 

 Wats , and A. Dec). 



A. D. 10, beyond the Lower Rhine, Germanicus found in a maritime district a solitary spring 

 of fresh water ; the use of which for drinking caused the teeth to fall out within two years, and the 

 knee-joints to be loosened; a malady called by the physicians " stomacacen " and " sceletyrben" 

 scurvy (Plin. xxv. 6). 



Cochlearia officinalis of extreme Northern Climates. Called in Germany " loffel-kraut," in 

 Britain spoonwort or scurvy grass or more properly scurvy cress (Prior); and the "britannica" 

 herb pointed out by resident Frisians as a remedy, its juice expressed even from the root, and its 

 flower called "vibones," — may be compared: the "oscedinem herba britannica viridis sumpta in 

 cibo lactucae modo,'' according to Marcellus 11, heals the mouth, is also dried: C. officinalis is 

 known to grow on the seashore from Spitzbergen and Lapland to Ireland and Denmark, and in 

 mountainous wet situations inland as far as Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 135, Wats., and Lindl.) ; also 

 in Siberia, as far as 67° on the Oby (Pall.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland; is 

 known to grow in Greenland (Wats.), Labrador (Colmaster), and along the Arctic Sea to Mac- 

 kenzie river and beyond (Hook.) ; was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha. Recently, according 

 to Clot-Bey and Figari, has been introduced from the gardens of France into Egypt. 



Iiumex aquaticus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water dock 

 (Prior), in Italian drug-shops " erba britannica" (Lenz), in Greece " nerolapatho " (Fraas) or " agrio 

 hpathSn" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the " britannica" in question: — the " ippolapathon " of Dioscor- 

 ides, large, growing in marshes, and agreeing with the four other kinds in medicinal properties, is 

 referred here by writers; together with the "hydrolapathum " of Pliny xx. 85 said to grow in water: 

 R. aquaticus is described by Lobel pi. 285, and Camerarius 232; is termed "lapathum aquaticum 

 folio cubitali " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; is known to grow in the marshes of the distrjct visited by 

 Germanicus (Lips., and Spreng.) ; also throughout middle Europe as far as Italy (Huds., Pers., 

 and Pollini) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, not rare in marshes from the Peloponnesus 

 to Cyprus. 



Betonica alopecurus of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Greece " vgtonike " 

 (Sibth.); and the BP6TANNIKH mentioned about this time by Niceratus — is perhaps the " vr£- 

 tannike e vSttonike " of Dioscorides, having a short and slender root, a stem not large, leaves like 

 " lapathS agriS " but more hairy and larger, their inspissated juice astringent and used for ulcers- in 

 the mouth : the " vrStannike " is mentioned also by Damocrates, and Galen antid. ii. 2. p. 453 ; and 

 the "vettonike," by Paulus Aegineta : B. alopecurus was observed by Sibthorp frequent on Par- 

 nassus. Westward, is described by Dalechamp 1358 (Spreng.) ; is termed " b. alpina latifolia 

 major villosa flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 203 ; and is known to grow on the mountains of 



