OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 47 1 



Carniolia, Austria, Italy, and Southern France as far as the Pyrenees (Scop. earn. pi. 28, Pers., A. 

 Dec, and Lenz). 



" 13 A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), the empire for "ten years " accepted for the fifth time by Augustus. 



As early probably as this date, an instrument for crushing the stone within the bladder invented 

 by Ammonius ; — together with the mode of using it, described by Celsus vii. 26. 3. The art was 

 revived in 1813 by Gruithuisen of Bavaria, who having introduced a straight catheter into the blad- 

 der, proposed by means of a looped wire to draw up and destroy stony concretions (Salzburgh 

 medicosurg. gaz. for March, and Mc.Euen in litt.) ; but not until 1824 was lithotrity successfully 

 accomplished, Civiale at Paris employinga rotating or watchmaker's drill (Cuv. rapp. Inst.). Improved 

 instruments for crushing were afterwards invented by Huerteloup, and Jacobson, and have led to the 

 general adoption of the art. 



"14 A. D. = 1st year of the ' thiang-foung ' of the usurping Sin-mang" or Wang-mang — 

 (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year," and "before the death of Augustus" (Clint, iv. p. 45), a comet. Observed 

 by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. 1. 



" August " (Sueton., and Clint.), Augustus succeeded by Tiberius, second Roman emperor. The 

 hieroglyphic ovals of Tiberius occur at Dendera, Karnak, Esneh, Philae, and on the temple continued 

 by him at Debot in Nubia. 



Rosapumila of Eastern Europe. The N A R D I -GALLICI-FOLIORVM-ROSAE-ARIDORVM 

 mentioned by Celsus v. 23, — were probably of this species, whose petals according to Lindley "are 

 astringent and tonic, and are dried for various officinal preparations : " R. pumila is known to grow 

 wild in Italy (Lenz) ; is further described by Lindley as a "dwarfish stiff short-branched bush " grow- 

 ing in Austria and the Crimea; and was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece. 

 Farther East, " R. Gallica" was observed by Thunberg at Dezima and elsewhere in Japan. 



Athamantha Cretensis of the Mediterranean countries. Its imported fruits are called in drug- 

 shops " semina dauci cretici " (Lindl.); in which we recognize the DAVCLCRETICI'SEMIN I S pre- 

 scribed by Celsus v. 23, — clearly among the four kinds of Petronius Diodotus, " probatissimi in 

 Creta, mox in Achaia, et in siccis ubicunque nati," the stem upright a foot high, and root " suavissimi 

 gustus et odoris " (Plin. xxv. 64) : the " thaukSs kretikos " is described by Dioscorides as growing 

 in dry stony places, its root thick as the finger and a span long, flowers white, fruits hairy white pun- 

 gent to the taste and odorous : "daucum" seeds from Crete were found by Alpinus iv. 7 employed 

 medicinally in Egypt: and A. Cretensis in its annual state is described by Fuchsius pi. 231, is 

 termed "mvrrhis annua semine striata villoso incana" by Tournefort inst. 315, and was observed by 

 Sibthorp along the margin of fields on the island of Melo. Westward, A. Cretensis is described by 

 Matthioli, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Carniolia to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pi. 

 62, Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, and by Lecoq in limestone districts 

 as far as central France. Its fruits according to Lindley are "aromatic with a warm agreeable 

 flavour," and " were used in the preparation of diaphoenix Venice treacle, and compound syrup of 

 wormwood." 



Euphorbia lathy -vis of Eastern Asia. Called in Italy " cacapuzza " or "catapuzia" (Lenz), in 

 which we recognize the CATAPOTIVM pill of Celsus: — seven or eight seeds of "lathuris" taken 

 in " katapoti6," are prescribed by Dioscorides iv. 164; for a more violent purgative (according to 

 Pliny xxvii. 71) the seeds of "lathyris " are taken in their follicles, and as they hurt the stomach are 

 eaten with fish or chicken-pottage-; the "lathyr"is mentioned by Serenus (Ainsw.) ; " lacteridae '' 

 by Charlemagne capit. for cultivation in every garden; E. lathyris is called " cataputia minor" in the 

 old pharmacopoeias (Lindl.) ; is termed " t. latifolius cataputia dictus " by Tournefort inst. 86 ; and 

 besides growing spontaneously in waste ground, continues to be cultivated in Italy and throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Holland (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz) ; in Britain is called caper-plant, the 

 "seed vessels being used in sauce for the buds of the real caper" (Prior). Eastward, the "lathuris " 

 classed by some among " tithumalois " is further described by Dioscorides as a cubit high, leaves 

 resembling those of the almond, and three-seeded fruit rounded like capers " kapparin ; " is men- 

 tioned also by Galen antid. ii. 17 ; E. lathyris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 

 Peloponnesus, but seems rare and has not been found by others : is enumerated by Clot-Bey and 

 Fio-ari as recently introduced into Egypt. Farther East, was observed by Thunberg in Japan, grow- 

 ing here and there and called " soku suisi." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues under cultivation and is sometimes found growing spontaneously (A. 

 Gray). According to Lindley, the seeds are " drastic," and are said " to procure abortion." 



Daucus gummifer of Sicily. The M A R I N A ■ P AST I N AC A prescribed by Celsus v. 27, — may 

 be compared ; and the liquid storax supposed by Matthaeus Platearius f. 248 to be produced in Cala- 

 bria, is referred here by Sprengel : D. gummifer is termed "pastinaca tenuifolia gummi manans " by 

 Boccone pi. 20 ; and is known to grow on "dry stony hills " along the seashore of Sicily (Gussone 



