472 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



fl. sic. pi. 117, and Lindl.). Boccone further states, that the roots yield the " bdellium siculum " of 

 the old pharmacopoeias ; a substance according to Lindley having : ' a bitter balsamic taste and a 

 weak but unpleasant odour." 



Cyperus pcrtcnuis of Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " naga," in the Taleef Shereef 981 " nagar- 

 motha"(J. F.Wats.); and the aromatic IVNCI-QVADRATI identified by Celsus iii. 21 with the 

 KYTTe IPON of the Greeks, — may be compared. Eastward, the "naga" is prescribed by Susrutas 

 chik. 37: C. pertenuis was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Piddington 180, Balfour 94, and 

 Drury, its roots used medicinally, and besides "for perfuming the hair." (Compare C. juncifolius.) 



" 16 A. D." (Tacit, and Clint.), decree of Tiberius, expelling the " mathematicians and magians " 

 from Italy. 



Tori/is anthriscus of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous weed called in Egypt 

 " chellae " or " gazar Sjaeitani " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " crowfoot " or " Satan's carrot " 

 of Egypt identified by Ebn Baitar with the " daucus " of the Greeks: the " daucus " of Petronius 

 Diodotus having seeds like " milio " — (Plin. xxv. 64) may be compared : T. anthriscus was observed 

 by Forskal, and Delile, from Damietta to Cairo ; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, along hedges from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, "Satan's carrot" is further identified by Ebn Baitar 

 with the " aatharilal " of Elziharawi (Abulcasis), and Edrisi, the name being Berber: T. anthriscus 

 is termed "daucus annuus minor floribus rubentibus" by Tournefort inst. 308, " tordylium anthris- 

 cus " by Linnasus, " caucalis anthriscus " by Smith fl. br. 29S ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; 

 and is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Jacq. 

 austr. pi. 261, and Pers.). 



Seseli ammoidcs of the Mediterranean countries. Of the four kinds of "dauci " distinguished by 

 Petronius Diodotus, the " tertium " — (Plin.) or " thaukdn triton " of Dioscorides, having coriander- 

 like leaves, white flowers, an " aneth6 "-like summit and fruit, the umbel carrot-like and full of oblong 

 acrid seeds, is referred here by Sprengel : S. ammoides was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated 

 fields of Greece. Westward, is termed " fceniculum lusitanicum minimum acre" by Tournefort inst. 

 312, " sison ammi " by herbalists (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in Italy and Portugal (Jacq. hort. 

 pi. 52, and Pers.). 



"17 A. D." (Tacit., Blair, and Clint.), twelve cities in Asia thrown down by an earthquake j 

 regarded by Pliny ii. 84 as the severest one on record. 



At this time in or near Rome, Antonius Castor cultivating a botanic garden of his own — (Plin. 

 xxv. 5). Probably the earliest one on record. 



Lepidhim cormttum of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of pepper-wort, and the 

 P I P ER I Tl S or S I LI QV ASTR VM having according to Castor white seeds tasting like pepper — 

 (Plin. xx. 66), may be compared: L. cornutum is termed "bursa pastoris orientalis cardamines 

 folio siliqua longissima quadrangula" by Tournefort cor. 15; and was observed by Sibthorp on 

 Cyprus. 



Potamogeton pectinatus of Northern climates, in water more or less brackish. A species is called in 

 Italy "potamogeto" (Lenz), and the POTAMOGETON growing according to Castor in watery places, 

 its leaves slender like horse-hair, a long smooth thyrsus, and the root healing " strumas " and " duri- 

 tias " — (Plin. xxvi. 33), may be compared : P. pectinatus is described by Yaillant pi. 32, was observed 

 by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow along the European coast as far as Sweden and 

 Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 186, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, along the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and is known to 

 grow in Siberia as far as the salt lakes of the Irtisch (Pall.). Westward from Europe, is known to 

 grow along our Allantic coast, and inland throughout the chain of the Great Lakes (A. Gray) to Lat. 

 54 at Cumberland House (Drumm. ; see P. crispus). 



" 18 A. D." (Clint.), the historian Valerius Maximus visiting Asia in company with Sextus 

 Pompeius, a friend of Ovid 



Glaucium rubntm of the East Mediterranean countries. Called on Tenedos " lolle " or by the 

 Turks "hawa at" (Forsk) : the GLAVCEA'SVCCO'SALVBRIof Columella x. 103, — and Scri- 

 bonius Largus 22, or "glaukion" described by Dioscorides as the juice of an herb, growing at Hie- 

 rapolis in Syria and having leaves like " keratilithos mekSnos," expressed by the inhabitants and 

 employed against maladies of the eyes, according to Pliny xxvii. 59 growing in Syria and Parthia 

 and having further medicinal uses, may be compared: also the herb "bomnih" mentioned by 

 Avicenna as yielding the "mamitsa" juice (Spreng.) : G. rubrum is termed "g. orientale flore magno 

 rubro" by Tournefort cor. 18, and was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, at Smyrna and on "the 

 nearer Greek islands. 



Helleborus foetidus of Western Europe. Called in Britain bear's foot or oxheel or setteriuoit or 

 fetid hellebore (Prior); in which we recognize the CON SI LI GO of shepherds, good according to 

 Columella vi. 5 in all diseases of cattle ; a discovery of "nostra aetas " in the Marsian mountains — 



