OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 473 



according to Pliny xxv. 48 to xxvi. 21 : H. foetidus is described by Cordus, Ruel, Tragus i. pi. 83, 

 Gesner, and Matthioli (Dierb.) ; is known to grow from " Lat. 51° " near Iena to Styria, the Tyrol, 

 France, and Italy (Poll., Ten., and A. Dec). Is probably exotic in Britain, though found seemingly 

 wild by Gerarde 286, and Ray 272 (Hook., Bab., and Wats.) : its root according to Prior inserted as 

 a seton in the dewlap of cattle, and hence the name. Its medicinal properties according to Lindley 

 are similar to those of H. niger and its "leaves are emetic and purgative." 



Lepidium latifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain pepperwort (Prior), 

 in Germany " pfefferkraut," in Portugal "herva pimentiera maior," in Italy "piperella" (Spreng.), in 

 Greece "agria lahana" (Fraas) or "lepithi" (Sib.th.), in which we recognize the LEPIDIVM of 

 Columella — (Ruel ii. 105), applied externally as ulcerating in the antidote of Apuleius Celsus 

 (Scribon. Larg. 174), and according to Pliny xix. 51 and xx. 70 a foreign plant cultivated in Italy, 

 lasting two years, a cubit high with laurel-like but soft leaves : L. latifolium is described by Dodoens 

 hist. p. 716, and Tournefort inst. 216 ; was in Britain before the days of Gerarde p. 187 (A. Dec.) ; 

 and is at least naturalized in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 

 557, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the " lepithion " by some called "giggithion" is described by 

 Dioscorides as a well-known herb whose acrid ulcerating leaves are applied externally in cutaneous 

 and other diseases, and the root tied to the neck as a remedy against toothache ; is mentioned also 

 by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta ; L. latifolium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in 

 Greece. Farther South, the " shitharaj " mentioned by Dioscorides according to Ebn Baitar, or 

 "sheiteraj " of Serapion, is referred here by Sprengel, and Sontheimer ; L. latifolium is enumerated 

 by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt, and was observed by Delile around Cairo. 



liaphanns sativus of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain radish, in France "rave" (Nugent), in 

 Germany "radieschen " (Grieb), in Italy " radicine " (Lenz), in Greece '• rapania " (Fraas), in Egypt 

 " fidjel," in Yemen " fidyl " or " bokel " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the ASSYRIA' RADIX or 

 SYRIACAE-RADICIS of Columella xi. 3, — brought from Syria according to Pliny xix. 26 quite 

 recently : the "radix " is mentioned by Palladius, Vegetius, and in the Capitularia of Charlemagne : 

 the " fujl " by Eldshuz, Ebn Masawia, Costus, Elthabari, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar: R. sativus is 

 described by Platearius, and in Ortus Sanitatis 383 ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout 

 middle Europe, in some instances springing up spontaneously (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Fraas 

 under cultivation in Greece ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt, where 

 according to Clot-Bey the leafstalks are eaten as well as the root ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; by myself, 

 a favourite object of cultivation at Mocha, Zanzibar, and Muscat. Eastward from Arabia, is called 

 in Sanscrit "mooluka" (Roxb.), in Bengalee "mula," in Hindustanee " muli " or " murai " or "turb" 

 (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " mohlee '' (Graham) ; was observed by myself abundantly culti- 

 vated on the Deccan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah and called " mung-la ; " by Loureiro, under 

 cultivation in Anam ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides and everywhere cultivated in 

 Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly 

 cultivated and " inclines sometimes to be spontaneous " (A. Gray) ; to the island of Tristan d'Acunha 

 (Petit-Thouars, and Carmich.) ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Var. oleifer long cultivated in 

 China for the oil from its seeds (A. Dec.) seems to have accompanied the fleshy-rooted form into 

 Egypt : for " Slaion raphaninon " is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 45, and Pliny, as used among the 

 Egyptians ; " fadjl oil " is mentioned by Elminhaj, Ebn Baitar, by Abd-allatif as manufactured in 

 Egypt; and the plant producing it was observed under cultivation there and in Nubia by Lippi, and 

 Granger (Del. . see Raphanistrum maritimum). 



Crambe maritima of Western Europe. Called in Britain sea-kale (Prior) : the BAT IS of Colu- 

 mella xii. 7. 13, — or "batin marinam " and " batin hortensiam " by some called " asparagum galli- 

 cum " enumerated by Pliny xx. 50 and xxvi. 50 among the indigenous esculent plants of Italy, is 

 referred here conjecturally by Fraas : C. maritima is known to grow along the Atlantic shore of 

 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 316, Pers., and Prior). 



Trifaliuin pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain clover or 

 meadow clover or koueystickle, in Anglo-Saxon "hunig-sucle " (Prior), in Germany "wiesenklee" 

 (Grieb), in France " trefle " (A. Dec), in Greece " triphulli," and the TR I FO LI VAA sown for geese 

 orTRIFOLIVAA • PRATENSE of Columella vi. 17. 2 and viii. 14. 2, — and Scribonius Largus 163, 

 is referred here by writers : "read clasfre " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leech book iii. 8, and 

 glossary Laud. (Cockayne) : T. pratense is described by Lobel hist. p. 493, Culpepper, and Parkin- 

 son ; is termed " t. pratense flore monopetalo " by Tournefort inst. 404 ; and is known to grow in 

 North Africa, Corsica, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Wats., Dec, 

 and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in grassy situations everywhere 

 from Constantinople to the Greek islands ; is known to grow also from Armenia and Caucasus 

 throughout the neighbouring portion of Siberia and as far as Cashmere (Ledeb., and Royle). Its 

 cultivation in middle Europe according to Link, and A. Decandolle, having commenced in the Six- 



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