474 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



teenth century, T. pratense may have been carried by European colonists to Iceland, where it was 

 observed by Hooker : clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues to be abundantly cultivated, has become naturalized, and is distinguished as red clover. 



Medicagofalcata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain yellow medic 

 or horned medic, in Germany "sichelklee " (Grieb) or " schwedischen luzern " (Lenz) ; and the wild 

 medica alluded to by Columella ii. 1 1 — is referred here conjecturally by Fraas : U. falcata is termed 

 "falcata" by Rivinus pi. 84, " m. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 410 ; was observed by Forskal near 

 Marseilles j is known to occur cultivated and naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 233, Pers., Dureau de la Malle, and A. Dec.) ; and at least in Britain is regarded 

 by Watson as exotic. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 



Bryonia alba of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " zucca selvatica" or " vite 

 bianca" (Lenz), in which we recognize the VITIS • ALBA of Columella vi. 4. 3 and xii. 7. 1, — Pal- 

 ladius i. 35, and Apuleius 66, identified with the " bryoniae " by Scribonius Largus 79 : B. alba is 

 described by Blackwell pi. 533, and is known to be frequent throughout Italy, growing as far even as 

 middle Europe (Pers., Lindl., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Fraas in Greece, rare and 

 called " agrioklema." According to Lindley, the "properties like those of" B. dioica. 



Ligustkum ( Trochiscanthes) nodiflorum of the extreme Southern Alps. The LIGVSTICVM of 

 Columella xii. 59, — and Apicius, described by Pliny xix. 50 and xx. 73 as wild on the mountains of 

 Liguria, a condiment when cultivated sweeter but without strength, by Dioscorides as named from 

 Liguria where it is chiefly produced, growing in shady places on the highest rough Appenines close 

 to the Alps, the stem slender like that of " aneth& " and geniculate, leaves " mSlilotou "-like the upper- 

 most ones much divided, seeds " marathrou "-like acrid and aromatic, used for pepper by the natives 

 who call the plant "panakSs," is referred here by Dierbach, and others : L. nodiflorum is described 

 by Vi liars ; and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps separating France from 

 Italy (Allion., and Pers. See L. levisticum). 



Pastinaca saliva of Western Europe. Called in Britain parsnefi, or in old herbals pasnep 

 (Prior), in France "panais,"in Italy '-pastinaca" or "pastinaca domestica " (Lenz), in which we 

 recognize the PASTINACA of Columella, — and Macer Floridus, and "pastinacae malori " of Pliny 

 xix. 28: P. sativa is described by Fuchsius pi. 751, Anguillara, and Columna (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 "p. sylvestris latifolia" by Tournefort inst. 319 ; and besides being cultivated, is known to grow wild 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1206, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, along the margin of fields in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. 

 By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues 

 to be cultivated and has become naturalized : perhaps also by European colonists carried to Hindus- 

 tan, where it was observed by Law " in gardens " in the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and to Bur- 

 mah, where it was observed by Mason, but no native name is given. 



Carum carui of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carraway (Prior), 

 in Welsh "canvass" or " carddwy " (Davies p. 20), in Germany " kummel," in Finland " kumina," 

 in Polish and Bohemian "kmjn," in French Switzerland "cumin" (A. Dec), in France " carvi " 

 (Nugent), in Italy " comino tedesco " or "carvi" or " caro " (Lenz), in Egypt " karaouih," in which 

 we recognize the CAREVM of Columella xii. 51, — and Apicius vii. 2, according to Pliny xix. 49 

 exotic in Italy and cultivated in the same manner as " olusatrum," the best produced in Caria whence 

 the name, and the next best in Phrygia : seeds of C. carui have been found in debris of the ancient 

 lake-villages of Switzerland (at Robenh., Heer) ; the term "carui semina " occurs in medieval Latin, 

 and the herb "carui " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. pm. as growing abundantly in Britain (Prior) ; 

 C. carui continues frequent there, has been long known on the neighbouring continent between 

 " Lat. 50 and 6o°," and is regarded by A. Decandolle as indigenous from Lapland to Siberia and 

 Caucasus. Farther South, the " karon '' is described by Dioscorides as a well known little seed, 

 warm, grateful to the taste and stomach and the root edible, is mentioned also by Galen, Oribasius, 

 and Aetius ; C. carui has not been found by modern travellers in Greece nor in Asia Minor, but was 

 observed by Forskal, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the seeds besides imported from " Bar- 

 bary and Andalusia" (Forsk. mat. med , and Del.). Eastward, is called in Hindustanee " karwiya '' 

 or "ajmod" (D'roz.) ; and is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah and called "sa-mwot." 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation for 

 its seeds ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it rarely flowers (Boj.). The more tender roots 

 according to Sprengel are eaten in Germany. 



Cardans perstmata of the mountains of middle Europe. The P E R S N AT A of Columella vi. 17. 

 1 — is referred here by Sprengel and others : C. personata is described by C. Bauhin prodr. 155 ; is 

 termed " arctium personata" by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the Alps from Geneva and Tau- 

 rero to Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 348, and Pers.). 



