478 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



occurs under cultivation only: is known to grow wild in Spain (Matthiol. comm. 537, Ludwig ect. 

 pi. 14, Pers., and Spreng.). According to Lindley, the plant "seems to be a genuine feline aphro- 

 disiac." (See Origanum Sipyleum). 



" 36, before the passover " (J. R. B. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), Pontius Pilate, " sixth Roman procurator 

 of Judsa," removed from office by the Roman general Vitellius. 



The same year, (see Acts ix. 24, 2 Cor. xi. 32, Galat. i. 18, Alst., and Neand. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), 

 Damascus held by the Arabian king Aretas III. of Petra, and the return of "Saul" or Paul to Jeru- 

 salem ; where he abode with Peter " fifteen days," but of the other apostles saw " none, save James 

 the Lord's brother." Thence, "Saul" proceeded "into the regions of Syria and Cilicia" (compare 

 Acts ix. 30). 



"37, March 16th " (Tacit., and Clint.), Tiberius succeeded by Caius Caligula, third Roman 

 emperor. From Egypt, Caligula removed an obelisk to Rome (Plin. xvi. 76. 2). His hieroglyphic 

 ovals occur on temples at Dendera, Philae, and Talmis in Nubia. 



His prefect over Egypt, Publius Avilius Flaccus, is named in a Greek inscription at Dendera. 



Lemna polyrhiza of Northern climates. Called in Egypt "ads-el-ma," and possibly known there 

 as early as this year:— the "adschma" is mentioned by Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar ; and L. polyrhiza 

 was observed by Forskal, and Delile, at Rosetta. Westward, is described by Vaillant pi. 20, and 

 Micheli xvi. pi. 11 ; and is known to grow floating on still or stagnant water from Switzerland to 

 Sweden and Russia (Pers., and Wats.). Farther West, is known to occur in our Atlantic States 

 from Lat. 43 to Florida, and inland as far as Arkansas (Ell., Chapm., Nutt., and myself), but accord- 

 ing to A. Gray has not in America been found flowering. Probably by European colonists and 

 through the cultivation of semi-aquatic plants introduced into Madeira (Lemann, and A. Dec). 



Lemna gibba of Northern climates. Its frond plano-convex, more resembling a lentil, and possi- 

 bly the original "ads-el-ma," — becoming in English water-lentil (Prior), in Germany " wasserlinse " 

 (Grieb), in France "lentille sauvage " (Nugent): L. gibba was observed by Delile around Rosetta in 

 Egypt ; known to grow also in Northern Asia. Westward, is described by Micheli xvi. pi. 11, and 

 Wolf p. 26 ; and is known to grow in Switzerland and throughout middle Europe as far as Ireland and 

 Sweden (Pers., and Wats.). Farther West, was observed by Webb phyt. iii. p. 297 on the Canary 

 Islands ; and is known to grow in North America from Western New York to Cumberland House 

 in Lat. 54 (Pursh, and A. Gray), but according to A. Gray has not been found flowering. (See 

 L. minor). 



In or about this year (Acts x. 1 to 45, and xv. 7), at Cassarea, in the presence of Peter, the Roman 

 centurion Cornelius, and others, the gift of tongues and the gospel extended to the Gentiles. 



38 A. D. (=39 — "a whole year" of Acts xi. 26), the disciples first "scattered abroad" preached 

 the word to "the Jews only ; '' but some "of Cyprus and C\rene" coming to Antioch, conversions 

 took place among the Greeks ; and Barnabas sent from Jerusalem, brought " Saul " or Paul from 

 Tarsus to Antioch. 



"39 A. D." (Jos., and Clint.), Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilee, deposed and banished by the 

 emperor Caligula ; who appointed Herod Agrippa ruler over Galilee. 



"The same year" (Jos., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of "five ambassadors" from Alexandria; 

 Apion the grammarian and Philon Judaeus being among the number. 



Linaria vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain toad-flax (Prior), 

 in France "linaire" (Nugent), in Germany "lynkraut" or "flachskraut " or "harnkraut" (Trag.), in 

 Egypt " ffiisj el ma;lik" (Forsk.) ; and the " cynocephaliam herbam " of Apion the grammarian, used 

 in Egypt against all poisoning and called " osirites " — (Plin. xxx. 6), is referred here by Tragus : the 

 " cynocephalium" is identified by Apuleius Barbaras 86 with the " antirrhinon " or "ametiston" or 

 "pithecion" or " canis cerebrum" or " osireos taphen '' : L. vulgaris is figured in the Ortus Sanitatis 

 23 and 261, and is described by Braunsweig, Tragus i. pi. 117, Fuchsius 585, and Dodoens ; is termed 

 "linaria vulgaris lutea flore majore " by Tournefort inst. 170 ; and is known to occur in waste ground 

 from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 982, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in 

 the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal p. liii, in a single garden in Egypt. By European colonists, was car- 

 ried before 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America ; where it has become frequent in waste and culti- 

 vated ground, and in Pennsylvania is called RanstcJ weed (Shecutt. and A. Dec). In London according 

 to Burnett occasionally boiled in milk to destroy flies (Lindl.). 



"The same year" (Alst., prior at least to the reign of Claudius, Acts xi. 26 to 28), the disciples 

 first called "Christians" at Antioch. Eusebius places the founding "by Peter" of the Church of 

 Antioch, in the " third " year of Caius, and the " two hundred and fourth " Olympiad. 



"40 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), the emperor Caligula at Lugdunum (Lyons in France) on 

 his expedition to the ocean. After his return to Rome, interview with Herod Agrippa interceding in 

 behalf of the Jews. 



" In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), Ramunsalingda succeeded by his younger brother 



