480 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Prvnus (Armeniaca) Sibirica of the mountains of Siberia. The SARKOKOLLAE of Scribo- 

 nius Largus 22, — resembling according to Dioscorides thin frankincense, somewhat fulvous, bitterish, 

 agglutinating wounds and the exudation of a tree growing in Persia, according to Pliny xiii. 20 and 

 xxiv. 78 the product of a tree said by some to be spiny, mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegi- 

 neta, is admitted to be sarcocolj a drug found by Sprengel to agree in all respects with the descrip- 

 tion by Dioscorides. Among the Arabs, sarcocol or " anzarut " is mentioned by Rhazes, by Mesue 

 f. 79 as the product of a spiny shrub with knotty branches, and was observed by Forskal mat. med. 

 employed medicinally in Egypt. A figure of the tree sent by a Persian merchant to Andr. Marini 

 has the leaves ovate-oblong serrate or dentate (Spreng.) ; and A. Sibirica observed by Ammann pi. 

 20, and Pallas i. pi. 8, on the mountains of Siberia, may be compared. According however to E. A. 

 Sophocles lex., sarcocol is the gum of the peach tree. 



Lophotacnia aurea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " maithanon tou 

 vounou " (Fraas) : the SPONDYLION prescribed by Scribonius Largus ii. 5, — known to Pliny xii. 

 58 and xxiv. 16 chiefly as a drug, but according to Syn. Diosc. called " £rva routinalis " (rotularis 

 Spreng.) by the Romans, may be compared. Eastward, the " sphonthulion " is described by Dioscor- 

 ides as growing in wet ground, having a "raphanS "-like root, stems a cubit or more high, leaves 

 between those of "platan6" and " panakos," seed in the umbels '• s£s£lSi "-like but broader and 

 strong-scented, "6hra e lfiuka" milky or yellowish flowers yielding a juice which is collected and pre- 

 served; is mentioned also by Asclepiades, and Galen; and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " sphonthulis " or " araggen " or " phalaggion " or "asterion" or "nisuris" or '• horothanon " or 

 "oinanthe" of the Greeks, " osiris " of the prophets, and " apsapher " of the Egyptians: L. aurea 

 is described by Hoffmann (Steud., and Chaubard) ; by Sibthorp pi. 282 as having the radical leaves 

 '■ rotundatis ; " and was observed by him, and Fraas, on Parnassus and the mountains of Attica and 

 the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). 



Hyoscyamus aureus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " melohortiro " 

 (Forsk.) : the ALTERCVM identified with the YOCKYAMON of the Greeks and its seeds and 

 root prescribed by Scribonius Largus 52 to 181, — "altercum" of the Arabs according to Pliny xxv. 

 17, including among medicinal kinds one with reddish seeds like 'irionis," may be compared : H. au- 

 reus is known to grow in Italy (Lenz), and was observed by Forskal on Malta. Farther East, the 

 kind of "uoskuamos" having according to Dioscorides its flowers " melinoJithe " yellow, and seeds 

 "up5xanth5n" tawny like those of '' e>usimon," is referred here by writers : H. aureus is termed "h. 

 creticus luteus major et minor" by Tournefort inst. 118; and was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 

 frequent in Greece along walls and among rubbish as far as Tenedos. 



Plantago lanceolata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain ribwort or ribgrass (Prior), 

 in Italy " agnoglosso " or "lanciola" or " piantaccine longa" (Lenz), in Greece "p£ntan£uron " 

 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " ribbe " pi the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 98, and the N ERVA 

 LEM identified with the TTOAYNeYPON by Scribonius Lirgus 12: — P. lanceolata is termed 

 "plantago minor" in Ortus sanitatis pi. 333. " p. angustifolia major" by Tournefort inst. 127; is 

 described also by Brunfels (Spreng. prasf.) ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle 

 and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, the 

 '•poluneuron " is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. ii. 152, also by Oribasius 11 : P. lanceolata was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding throughout Greece and the Greek islands as far as 

 Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and in the neigh- 

 bouring portion of Siberia and as far as Nepnul ( Bieb., and Wats.). Farther South, was observed 

 by Forskal around Cairo and among the mountains of Yemen ; is known to occur also in Abyssinia 

 (A. Rich., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 

 tinues a weed in waste ground throughout our Atlantic States (A. Gray, Chapm., and myself), and 

 has become naturalized. The plant according to Lindley'-has rather bitter astringent leaves and 

 roots, and has been used with sqme other species as an expectorant and vulnerary." 



Aspidium aailcatiim of Northern climates. The F I L I C I S-AA AC E DO N I C A E prescribed as 

 vermifuge by Scribonius Largus 140, — and distinguished by Pliny xxvii. 55 as "optimum" best in 

 quality, may be compared: A. aculeatum is termed "lonchitis aculeata latioribus pinnulis " by 

 Tournefort inst. 538 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 

 1562). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on Athos and other moun- 

 tains of Greece. Westward from Europe, is known to grow in North America, in "deep woods" in 

 Northern New England and New York (A. Gray). 



About this time (= 29 -\- " nearly 15 years," Burton in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), leaving Antioch on his 

 First missionary tour, Paul sailed from Seleucia to Cyprus in company with Barnabas ; and thence to 

 Pamphylia on the Southern coast of Asia Minor. After visiting the neighbouring countries of Pisidia 

 and Lycaonia, they returned by sea to Antioch ; where they "abode long time " (Acts xiv. 1 1 to 28). 



"44 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), return of the emperor Claudius from Britain to Rome. 



