OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 483 



"S9> A P ril 3°th," in the consulship of "Vipsanius and Fonteius " (Plin. ii. 70, and Clint.), eclipse 

 of the sun. Observed also in Armenia by the Roman general Corbulo. Before the close of the year, 

 Agrippina, mother of Nero, put to death. 



" In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Sutuwa succeeded by Za- 

 Adgaba, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " ten y. six months." 



As early probably as this year, Apollonius of Tyana, after " twenty months " in Persia, entering 

 Hindustan. ■ He remained " four months " beyond the Indus, and returning by water — up the Persian 

 Gulf and the river Euphrates as far as Babylon, reached Athens in the '-following year" (Philostr., 

 and Clint.). He afterwards visited Rome, Spain, and the cataracts of the Nile ; everywhere accom- 

 panied by Damis, an Assyrian whose narrative is followed by Philostratus. 



The TA N T A A 10 N : Y A UlP in which Apollonius was initiated by Brahmans, — and the water 

 in a cave containing the statue of a human being male on one side and female on the other (described 

 to Bardesanes by Indian envoys on their way to Antoninus) are identified by Porphyrius de styx. I 

 remarked such a statue on the sculptured walls of the Elephanla cave-temple, which contains a shal- 

 low artificial basin of water, and was informed, that Guzerati bramins continue to make pilgrimages, 

 arriving in " April and May." 



Garr.inia purpurea of Western Hindustan. A very elegant Calophylloid tree called in the envi- 

 rons of Bombay "kokum" (Graham) ; and from early times, its fruit eaten and oil obtained from the 

 seeds : the tree seen by Apollonius in India bearing fruit like a large pomegranate, the apple within 

 the husk of the colour of a fine hyacinth and the very best flavoured fruit they ever ate — (Priaulx in 

 roy. asiat. soc. xvii), may be compared : G. purpurea is described by Rumphius iii. pi. 32 ; was 

 observed by Graham in " ravines at Kandalla" and ''pretty common in some parts of the Concan," 

 also "in gardens Bombay," the acid juice of the fruit used by workers in iron as a mordant; was 

 observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and is called "brindao" by the 

 Portuguese at Goa, where kokum oil is used for adulterating ghee or butter (Graham, and Drur.). 



"60 A. D." (L. Sen. nat. qu. vii. 21, Tacit., and Clint, iv. p. 45) a comet. Continuing in sight 

 "six months," and differing according to L. Seneca from any seen by him during forty-six years, and 

 from the one recorded to have made its appearance after the death of Caesar. 



"61 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Petronius Turpilianus and C. Caesonius Paetus consuls. 

 " T. Petronius consuliris " — who in "A. D. 66" anticipating sentence of death broke a costly mtir- 

 rhine vase in order to disappoint Nero (Plin. xxxvii. 7) is termed " C. Petronius " by Tacitus xvi. 18 ; 

 and the satirical poem attributed to him — is mentioned as the work of "Petronius" or "Arbiter" 

 by Terentianus Maurus, and Sidonius Apollinaris xxiii. 155. 



Tulipa Clusiana of the East Mediterranean countries. The SATYRION of Petronius, fur- 

 nishing a potion, — and according to Dioscorides termed "triphullon" from usually having three 

 leaves upon the ground, its stem "psilon" slender, a cubit high, flower " krin6£id£s " lily-like and 

 white, root bulbous as a " melon," agreeable to the taste, and infused in wine, is referred here con- 

 jecturally by Sprengel : the account of the " graeci satyrion " by Pliny xxvi. 63 seems in part taken 

 from Dioscorides : T. Clusiana is termed " t. persica praecox" by Clusius posth. 18, " t. praecox 

 angustifolia " by Tournefort inst. 375 ; was observed by Sibthorp in Italy, near Florence, flowering 

 in March ; but has not been found in Greece. 



Satyrium hircinum of Western Europe. Called in Italy " satirio " or " satirione " (Targ.), and 

 probably the " satyrion " of Petronius : — S. hircinum is known to grow in calcareous soil in France 

 and Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 337, and Pers.) ; was observed by Haller pi. 25 in Switzerland ; by Scopoli, 

 in Carniolia. 



" The same year" (Tacit, Blair, and Clint.), the Romans defeated in Britain by queen Boudicea. 

 Shortly afterwards, her army defeated in turn by the Romans under Suetonius Paulinus. 



"62 A. D." (W. W. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), "James the Lord's brother,'' after holding for "thirty 

 years " (Hieronym.) the chief direction among the apostles, and therefore called " first bishop of 

 Jerusalem," put to death by the Jews (Jos. a. J. xx. 9. 1). 



"In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), Thaka succeeded by his son Thathee, now Bur- 

 mese king. He had no regard for Budhism. 



"62 to 63 A. D. = Sth year of Nero" (Euseb. h. c. ii. 24, Hieronym., and Clint.), Annianus or 

 Annaniah left by Mark to watch over the Christians in Egypt : in other words, ordained first bishop 

 of Alexandria. — His successors in the office are enumerated in an uninterrupted series by Eusebius. 



Clematis flammula of the Mediterranean countries. A vine called in Greece "alogaki glukuge " 

 or " helithronia " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " phulakouon " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the €T6 P A : K A H M A T I C 

 of Dioscorides iv. 7 (the description as repeated in iv. 179 — belonging to a different plant, according 

 to Galen simpl. fac. vii. p. 31), may be compared : C. flammula was observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 

 bard, in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " St6ra klematis " or " epigetis " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "amvouxou" of the Romans: C. flammula is described by Matthaeus Platearius f. 



