OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 487 



alsines folio" by Tourne r ort inst. 507 ; and is known to grow in vineyards and cultivated ground in 

 Istria, Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Barrel, pi. 524, and Pers.). By European colonists, 

 was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in the outskirts of Charleston 

 (Chapm.). 



Polygala vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain milkwort, or 

 from flowering in time for garlands in certain religious processions, gang-flower or proccssion-flnwer 

 or rogation-flower or cross-flower, in Anglo-Saxon "gang-dagas " (Prior), in Germany "kreuzblume" 

 (Grieb), in which we recognize the TTOAy l~AA ON, a span high according to Dioscorides and some- 

 what austere in taste, with lentil-like leaves, and drinking it believed to induce abundant milk : — P. 

 vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the account 

 of the " polygala " by Pliny xxvii. 96 seems taken from Dioscorides : P. vulgaris is described by 

 Gerarde p. 450, and Tournefort inst. 174; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, by Forskal near 

 Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 516, and 

 Pers.). P. amara, smaller in all its parts but by some writers regarded as not distinct, is described 

 by Tragus f. 216 (Spreng.), is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 

 1 169, and Pers.) as far as the mountains of Servia (Fraas), but has not been observed in Greece. 



Polygala venulosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Bitter in taste with leaves elliptic-lan- 

 ceolate, and therefore agreeing better with the account of Dioscorides — according to Fraas: 

 described by Sibthorp pi. 669 ; and observed by him, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. 



Alhagi pseudalhagi of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The 6T6PA: 

 A K AKI A growing according to Dioscorides in Cappadocia and Pontus, resembling the Egyptian kind 

 but much smaller and more tender, full of rigid spines, its seeds smaller than lentils and in follicles 

 yoked in twos, threes, and fours, — may be compared: A. pseudalhagi was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas p. 58, in maritime sand from Attica and Syra to Samos ; is known to grow also 

 in Tartary (Lerche, Bieb., and Fischer). 



Poterium. sanguisorba of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain 

 burnet (Prior), in Germany "becherblume " (Grieb), in Italy "pimpinella minore " or " salvastrella " 

 or " sorbastrella " (Lenz): the AAAH : CI AH PI TIC two cubits high according to Dioscorides with 

 leaves on long stalks and fern-like, and from the upper axils long slender shoots terminating in rough 

 spheroidal heads, — is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 124 (Spreng.), and others: P. sangui- 

 sorba was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the " sideritis achar " of Ebn 

 Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer ; and P. sanguisorba was observed by Delile on the Mediter- 

 ranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 19 of the third 

 " sideritin " corresponds, and seems taken from Dioscorides; P. sanguisorba is termed "pimpinella 

 sanguisorba minor hirsuta vel lasvis " by Tournefort inst. 157 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; by 

 Forskal, near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 64, 

 and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, but 

 has since disappeared. 



Poterium polygamum of Eastern Europe. Called in Greece " poluphulla," and is the " alle 

 sitheritis " of Dioscorides — according to Fraas : P. polygamum was observed by him (and perhaps 

 by Sibthorp) frequent in Attica, and on Parnassus. Farther North, is described by Waldstein and 

 Kitaibel pi. 128 as observed in Hungary (Pers., and Steud.). 



Seduni rhodiola of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rosewort or rose-root "from the odour 

 and rosy tint of its rootstock," in medieval Latin "rhodia radix" (Prior); in which we recognize 

 the POAIA:PIZA or POAIAA growing according to Dioscorides in Macedonia and yielding when 

 bruised the odour of roses, — and the " herbam rhodiam ex aceto tritam " prescribed by Marcellus 1 : 

 S. rhodiola is known to grow throughout Siberia as far as Ochotsk and Lat. 69 on the Yenesei 

 (Gmel., and Pall.). Westward, is described by Tragus f. 344 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow on the 

 mountains of Switzerland, the Pyrenees, and throughout Northern Europe to the extremity of Lap- 

 land (Dec, and Sab.). Farther West, is known to grow from Iceland as fir as Lat. 65° in Greenland, 

 also in Labrador, Newfoundland (Hook., and Wats.), New Brunswick (A. Gray), and recently found 

 as far as the border of Maine ; was observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains (Tor.), by Rich- 

 ardson along the shore of the Arctic Sea. is known to grow also in Alaska (Wats.). 



Sedum cepaa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " krommuthi " 

 (Fraas): the KHTTAIA resembling ANAPAXNH according to Dioscorides, its roots slender and 

 with the leaves employed medicinally cooked or taken in wine, — is referred here by writers : S. 

 cepasa was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece, in waste 

 ground; by Thirke, along the Northern shore of Asia Minor. Westward, the " cepaea " resembling 

 "portulacae " is described by Pliny xxvi. 52 as bitter in taste and growing on the sandy shore ; S. 

 cep;ea is described by Matthioli p. 666, and Clusius hist. ii. p. 68 (Spreng.) : is termed " s. cepaea 

 dictum" by Tournefort inst. 263 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as 



