OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 489 



leaves, flowering in summer- according to Dioscorides, and its flowers small slender white and strong- 

 scented, — is referred here by writers : A. campestris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 

 the Peloponnesus to Caria and Mysia in Asia Minor. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 619 

 (Spreng ) ; is termed "abrotanum campestre cauliculis albicantibus, etiam cauliculis rubentibus " by 

 Tournefort inst. 459 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow in arid sunny 

 situations throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 338, Pers., and Lenz). Is enumerated by Lind- 

 ley among the species that "have been used medicinally." 



Artemisia spicata of the mountains of Southern Europe. The A PTGJVL I C I A N : MO N KAw- 

 NON growing in the Interior according to Dioscorides, a small simple-stemmed herb full of wax- 

 coloured flowers, more agreeably scented than the preceding, — is referred here by Sprengel : A. 

 spicata was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Greece. Westward, the account by Pliny 

 xxv. 36 of his third "artemisia" as far as growing " in mediterraneis " and "simplici caule," seems 

 taken from Dioscorides : but A. spicata is described by Jacquin austr. app. pi. 34, and is known to 

 grow on the mountains of Switzerland and middle Europe (Allion. pi. 8, Vill., Pers., Whlbg., and 

 Steud.). Is enumerated by Lindley among the species that "have been used medicinally." 



Staehelina chamaepeuce of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriolivanos " 

 (Fraas): the X AMA I TT €Y K H .an herb entirely green according to Dioscorides, its leaves and 

 branches incurved and flowers rose-like, — is referred here by Alpinus exot. p. 76, and others : Pliny 

 xxiv. 86 describes the "chamaepeuce" as resembling in leaves "larici" larch ; and S. chamaepeuce, 

 agreeing except in the lanate under surface of the leaves, is termed "jacea cretica frutescens eli- 

 chrysi folio flore magno purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 32 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, Crete, and Cyprus ; is known to grow 

 also in Asia Minor (Spreng.) ; and farther South, was observed by Viviani in Lybia. 



Cirsium stellalum of the Mediterranean countries. The ITTTTO<I>AICTON of Dioscorides, also 

 by some called ITTTTO<S>AeC, a sort of rNA*IKHC:AKAN6HC, stemless and flowerless, with 

 spiny leaves and tumid capitula together with the thick tender root yielding a juice, — is referred here 

 by Columna phyt. pi. 24, and Sprengel : C. stellatum, depressed unless flowering, and often continu- 

 ing throughout the year without flowering (Spreng ), was observed by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 

 Westward, the account by Pliny xvi. 92 and xxvii. 66 of the "spina fullonia hippophaeston " seems 

 taken from Dioscorides, but he adds that the juice is expressed in summer : C. stellatum is described 

 by Triumfetti pi. 96; is termed " c. stellatus foliis integris flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 440; 

 was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily, and is known to grow as far as the border of France (Allion., 

 and Pers.). 



Silybiim Marianum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain milk thistle or blessed 

 thistle or lady's thistle (Prior), in France " chardon-marie " (Fe"e), in Germany " marien-distel " (Fraas), 

 in Bohemian " ostrope's," in Polish "podgorzal," in Illyrian "osset" or " osgebad " (Moritz.), in 

 Greece "gaithSuragkatha" (Fraas) or "kouphagkath5 " (Sibth.) : its seeds found by Forskal mat. 

 med. employed medicinally in Egypt, in accordance with the AKANGA:A6YKH of Dioscorides, two 

 cubits high with the stem thick as the fore-finger, leaves prickly, flowers purple, seeds and root used 

 medicinally : — the " akub " of Temimi, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer: S. Maria- 

 num was observed by Forskal, and Delile, springing up spontaneously around Cairo; by Belon, 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; is known to 

 occur also as far as Caucasus (C. A. Mey.). Westward, the "akantha 16uke " or " agriokinaran " or 

 " thonakitis " or " Srusiskeptron" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "karthous ramptaria " or 

 " spina alva " or " regia " of the Romans ; a garland of " spinae albae " according to Pliny xxiv. 66 

 alleviates headache, but his account of the seeds taken against scorpions seems in part from Dioscor- 

 ides : the "herbe sancte marie " is mentioned by Nicolaus Praepositus, Franciscus Pedemontium, 

 and Joannes de Sancto Amando : S. Marianum is described by Fuchsius p. 55, Dodoens, and Lobel 

 (Spreng.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde p. 989 ; is termed " c. albis maculis notatus 

 vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 440; was observed by Munby in Algeria; is known to occur in waste 

 places from Italy throughout middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.), is besides often cultivated (A. Dec"). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Lindl.) ; to Northeast America, where I have 

 observed it springing up spontaneously in gardens ; to Austral America, where it has become natural- 

 ized from the Uruguay and La Plata to Patagonia (A. Saint-Hil.); to Chili, and the East Indies, the 

 "leaves said to be sudorific and aperient" (Lindl.). 



Onopordum Grtzcum of the East Mediterranean countries. The AKANelON of Dioscorides, 

 having leaves like A€YKH . AKAN0H but at the extremity the spinous prominences covered with 

 spider-web down which is collected, — may be compared : Pliny xxiv. 66 adds, that the leaves are 

 much smaller, and that the collected down is even made into garments in the East: O. Grascum is 

 termed " carduus graecus parvus acanthi folio tomentoso flore minore " by, Tournefort cor. 31 ; is 

 described also by Gouan obs. pi. 25; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelopon- 

 nesus to Cyprus ; and by Delile near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. 



62 



