490 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Sonchus arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Greece " sohos " or "sohous" 

 (Fraas), and the eTePOC : COTXOC described by Dioscorides as tender and A€NAPLUAeC with 

 broad or wide-spread leaves and an unbranching stem, — is referred here by Fraas, and with a mark 

 of doubt by Sibthorp ii. p. 361 : S. arvensis was observed by Sibthorp in waste ground from Con- 

 stantinople to Greece. Westward, according to Tournefort inst. 474 is by many called "hieracium 

 majus ; " is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 606, 

 Curt. lond. iv. pi: 53, Scop., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from the Lower St. Lawrence to 

 Salem, and is known to occur as far as Staten Island and the neighbouring portion of New Jersey 

 (A. Gray). 



Sonchus palustris of Europe and Northern Asia. The " £t£ros soghos " of Dioscorides — is 

 however referred here by Sprengel : S. palustris was observed by Sibthorp in the marshes of the 

 Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed "s. asper arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 474; and is known 

 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1109, Curt. lond. v. pi. 59, and 

 Pers ). 



Jasione montana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sheep's-btt or 

 sheep' 's-bit-scabious (Prior) ; and the UUKIM06I A6C of Dioscorides, having UlKIMUJ-like leaves, 

 hairy branches, and pods like YOCKYAMUJ, — is referred here by Lobel iii. 90: J. montana was 

 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Dardanelles to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the 

 "6kim6£ithis " or " provataian "' or "edaphion" or "anlimimon" or "porphuritha " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " 6kimastroum " of the Romans: J. montana is described also by Dodoens 

 (Spreng.); is termed "rapunculus scabiosa? capitulo canruleo " by Tournefort inst. 113 ; and is known 

 to grow from Denmark throughout France to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi. 319, Lapeyr., and Pers.). 



Campanula medium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "medion" (Riccio, 

 and Targ.), and the MHA10N of Dioscorides, — and Pliny xxvii. 79, is referred here by Matthioli 

 and others : C. medium is described by Dodoens pempt. 163 ; is termed ''c. hortensis folio et flore 

 oblongo caeruleo" by Tournefort inst. 109; is known to occur in woods in France, Italy, and Ger- 

 many ; and was observed by Sibthorp in shady woods on the Bithynian Olympus and around Constan- 

 tinople. 



Globnlaria ah'piim of the Mediterranean countries. A small-leaved shrubby plant about two feet 

 high, called in Greece " stourSki " or sometimes "sSnna" (Sibth.) ; and the AAYTTON of Dioscor- 

 ides, growing on the seashore of Libya and other countries, and possessing purgative properties, — ■ 

 prescribed also by Actuarius (Ruel. iii. 132), is referred here by writers : G. alypum was observed by 

 Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Pelopon- 

 nesus to the Greek islands. Westward, the " alypon " is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 7: G. alypum is 

 described by Lobel adv. 158; is termed "a. monspeliensium s. frutex terribilis " by Bauhin hist. 

 i. 598, "g. fruticosa myrti folio tridentato" by Tournefort inst. 467; was observed by Garidel pi. 42 

 in Southern France ; and according to Sprengel, and Lindley, is not rare on the rocky shores of the 

 Mediterranean. 



Calystegia soldanella of Temperate climates, of the shore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as 

 far as Britain and Madeira, and the Austral and Northern shores of the Pacific. The 6 A A A C C I A : 

 K P A M B H of Dioscorides, with leaves resembling those of CTPOrTYAH : APICTOAOXIA and 

 arising singly from red branches, its juice milky and saltish and the cooked plant purgative, — men- 

 tioned also by Rufus Ephesius, is referred here by writers : C. soldanella was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, in sand of the seashore from Bithynia around the Peloponnesus. Westward, 

 the account by Pliny xx. 38 of the "marina brassica" seems taken from Dioscorides: C. soldanella 

 is described by C. Bauhin pin. 295, and Morison i. pi. 3 ; is termed "c. maritimus nostras rotundi- 

 folius " by Tournefort inst. 83 ; is known to grow on the seashore from Carniolia around Italy, Spain, 

 Madeira, as far as Britain and Holland (Engl. bot. pi. 314, and Pers.) ; and in the Pacific, on the sea- 

 shore of Chili, California, New Zealand, and Australia (R. Br., J. D. Hook., and A. Dec). By Eu- 

 ropean colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation 

 and seldom flowering. The branches are described by Sprengel as reddish with bitter and saltish 

 milky juice, and the root according to Lindley is "purgative." 



Lithospermam fntlieouim of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thathaki " 

 (Sibth.); and theATXOYCA:AAAH third kind of Dioscorides resembling the preceding but hav- 

 ing smaller red fruit, the root expelling nAATeiAN : eAMIN6A tape-worm, — is referred here by 

 Sprengel from the agreement in the carpels : L. fruticosum is described by Alpinus exot pi. 68 ; and 

 was observed by Sibthorp on the Greek islands and mountainous parts of Greece. Westward, the 

 account of the third anchusa by Pliny xxii. 25 seems taken from Dioscorides, except that the word 

 "karpon" fruit is read "flore" flower: L. fruticosum is described by Barrelier pi. 1168, and Garidel 

 pi. 15; is termed " buglossum fruticosum rorismarini folio " by Tournefort inst. 134; was observed 



