OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 493 



"tripolion" by Dioscorides, — are referred here by Fraas : S. limonium was observed by him, Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, everywhere frequent in the salt marshes of Greece ; by Delile, along the Medi- 

 terranean shore of Egypt ; and farther East, by Thunberg, on the seashore of Japan. Westward, is 

 described by Matthiqli p. 696 (Spreng.) ; is termed " limonium maritimum majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 

 192, and Tournefort inst. 341 ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Barbary, Portugal, and along 

 the Atlantic as far as Sweden (Desf., Brot., fl. Dan. pi. 315, and Wats.). Farther West, was ob- 

 served by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by myself, in salt marshes along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 to 

 39°; by Elliot, near Charleston; and by N. A. Ware, in Florida (Nutt). 



Euphorbia cyparissias of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "titimalo 

 cipressino" (Lenz), and the T I 6 YM A A C : K YTT A P I CC I A C named according to Dioscorides 

 from resembling a young shoot of pine TTITY I, a span or more high but the leaves on its reddish 

 stem more tender and delicate, and the whole plant full of white juice, — is referred here by most 

 writers : E. cyparissias was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece though rare ; by Grise- 

 bach fl. rum., in Albania and Macedonia. Westward, the " cyparissian " or fifth kind of "herbam 

 lactariam " is described by Pliny xxvi. 43 as growing in the open country " campestribus," and having 

 a double or triple stem: E. cyparissias is described by Gerarde pi.; is termed "tithymalus cyparis- 

 sias" by Tournefort inst. 86; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in 

 barren situations throughout Italy and middle Europe as far as the Northern border of France (Jacq. 

 austr. pi. 435, Pers., Spreng., and Lenz), but is regarded by Watson, and Bromfield, as introduced 

 into Britain (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 

 tinues under cultivation around dwellings, and according to A. Gray has escaped "to road-sides in a 

 few places in New England." The plant according to Lindley is "a virulent poison," but the "pow- 

 der of the root" is given in small doses. 



Euphorbia Aleppica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "galatzithohorton " 

 (Fraas): the TTITYOYCA differing according to Dioscorides from theKYTTAPICCIOY:TieYMA- 

 AOY, more than a cubit high with leaves like those of pine TTITY OC slender and pointed, and 

 small almost purple flowers, — identified in the added Synonyms with the "klema " or "kramvion " 

 or " paralion " or " kanopikon," may be compared : E. Aleppica is described by Alpinus exot. pi. 64; 

 is termed " t. orientalis cyparissias patulus foliis superioribus hastatis fiore minimo " by Tournefort 

 cor. 2 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the 

 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus and Smyrna. Westward, the " pityusa " seems known to 

 Pliny xxiv. 21 only from its medicinal uses and the account of Dioscorides. 



Euphorbia dtndroides of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "phlomo" or 

 "phlomos" (Sibth., and Fraas): the T I e YM A A C : A 6 N A PO 6 I A6C growing in stony places 

 according to Dioscorides, full of juice and at its summit leafy with many crowns, the leaves around 

 the reddish branches resembling the more tender ones of the mvrtle, — is referred here by writers : 

 E. dendroides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in stony mountainous situations 

 exposed to the sea in Crete and the Peloponnesus, a tree with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter 

 though only three to five feet high. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 45 of the seventh " herbam 

 lactariam " called " dendroides " or " cobion " or "leptophyllon," seems chiefly taken from Dioscor- 

 ides : E. dendroides is described by Barrelier pi. 910 ; is termed " tithymalus arboreus " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 85 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Sicily (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.). 



Euphorbia platyphylla of the Crimea and middle Asia Called in Greece "galatzitha" (Fraas): 

 the Tl 6YMA A OC : TTAATY*yAAOC resembling the * A M UJ according to Dioscorides, and 

 if bruised and mingled in water destroying fish like the other kinds, — is referred here by writers : E. 

 platyphylla was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground in the Peloponne- 

 sus and Greek islands ; farther East, by Bieberstein, in barren stony situations wild in the Crimea 

 (A. Dec). Westward, the sixth "herbam lactariam" called " platyphyllon " or " corymbiten " or 

 from resemblance " amygdaliten," its leaves broader than in other kinds, is mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 

 44 : E. platyphylla is described by Linnaeus ; is known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground in 

 Italy and middle Europe as far as Paris (ThuiL, Jacq. austr. pi. 376, Scop., and Lenz), and from the 

 silence of writers, appears to have been only recently introduced into Britain (Bromf.). According 

 to A. Decandolle p. 753, has also been introduced into Northeast America. 



Alisma plantago of Temperate climates. Called in Britain water-plantain (Prior), in Italy 

 "piantaggine aquatica" or "barba silvana " or " erba alisma " (Lenz), in Greece "plSmonohorton " 

 or "lappa" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the AAlCMA growing according to Dioscorides in 

 watery places, its leaves resembling those of the plantain, slem simple more than a cubit high bearing 

 capitula thyrsus-like, the flowers pale-yellowish and white, — identified in the added Synonyms with 

 the " alkean " or " thamas(5nion " or " akuron " or " luron : " A. plantago was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent along river-margins from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, but 

 is regarded by Fraas as belonging properly to the salt water ; is known to grow also in the Tauro- 



