494 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Caspian countries and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel., and Bieb.). Farther South, the 

 "mizmar elrai " of Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer: A. plantago was observed by Delile 

 on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Rosetta ; was received by Fresenius from Abyssinia (A. 

 Dec). Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 77 of the "alisma" or " damasonion " or " lyron," 

 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. plantago is described by Valerius Cordus f. 60 (Spreng.), 

 and Fuchsius 42 ; is termed " ranunculus palustris plantaginis folio ampliore et angustiore " by Tourne- 

 .fort inst. 292 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal, and middle and Northern Europe as 

 far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 561, Desf., Brot., Wats., and Lenz). Farther West, was observed by 

 Drummond in Lat. 54 in central North America at Cumberland House ; by Nuttall, on the Arkan- 

 sas ; by E. James, at the sources of the Platte ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and is known to grow as 

 far South as Newbern and upper Georgia (Croom, and Chapm.), but so far as observed by myself 

 along the Atlantic from Lat. 43° to 38°, chiefly near inhabited places. In the Southern Hemisphere, 

 was observed by R. Brown gen. rem. p. 60 in Australia. 



Serapias grandiflora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The ATPUJCTIC: 6N:TUJ: 

 TTAPNACCU) growing according to Dioscorides on Parnassus, and having K I C CUU-like leaves, a 

 white fragrant flower, and five or six white roots thick as the finger and very sweet, — mentioned also 

 by Pliny xxiv. 1 18, is referred here by Fraas : S. grandiflora was observed by Sibthorp in shady situ- 

 ations on mount Hymettus, and by Fraas frequent on Parnassus. Westward, is termed " helleborine 

 flore albo vel damasonium montanum latifolium " by Tournefort inst. 436 ; and is known to grow in 

 Switzerland and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Hall. helv. pi. 41, Engl. bot. pi. 271, 

 Pers., and Wahl.). 



Helkborini linjiia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "glfissari" (Fraas), in 

 which we recognize the A TX I T I C of Dioscorides, having leek-like but broader leaves, and on the 

 stem yellow flowers like caps or comic masks with a tongue hanging downwards, — referred here by 

 writers : H. lingua was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in grassy mountainous situations 

 in the Peloponnesus and as far as Parnassus. Westward, the "loghitis" or "kSstron" or " me- 

 thousa" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " v£n£r£a" or "lagkSola" of the Romans ; but the 

 account by Pliny xxv. 88 of the " lonchitis " seems taken from Dioscorides : H. lingua is described by 

 Matthioli pi. 636, and Columna ecphr. pi. 322 (Spreng.); is termed "orchis montana italica lingua 

 oblonga altera" by Tournefort inst. 434; and is known to grow in Italy, and Southern France 

 (Allion., Lapeyr., Pers., and Dec. fl. fr.). 



A iitherkuiii ramosum of middle Europe. The <J>AAArriON growing on hills according to 

 Dioscorides, and giving out two three or more branches distant from each other, its flowers white and 

 K P I NUU-like, seeds black and like half a lentil, its small slender root greenish while fresh, and the 

 leaves seeds and flowers employed against scorpion and phalangium bites, — identified in the added 

 Synonyms with the " phalaggition " or " l<5ukakanthan," and termed " phalaggites " by Galen fac. 

 simpl. viii. p. 150, is referred here by writers : but A. ramosum has not at the present day been 

 observed in Greece. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. gS of the "phalangites " by some called 

 "phalangion" or " leucanthemon " or in some copies " leucacantha," seems chiefly taken from 

 Dioscorides : A. ramosum is described by Dodoens p. 106 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in 

 limestone districts in Austria and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 16, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Steud.). 



Narcissus adorns of the Mediterranean countries. The B A B C called 6M 6T I K C, having 

 according to Dioscorides longer and more thong-like leaves than the 6AUUAIMOY kind, and a 

 black-skinned bulbous root that if eaten excites vomiting, — is referred to this tribe by Dodoens, 

 Camerarius, and Sprengel : N. odorus_was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 

 Westward, the account by Pliny xx. 41 of the "bulbus vomitorius " with black and longer leaves than 

 the other kinds, is perhaps taken from Dioscorides : N. odorus is described by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 

 50; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Hall. helv. I2t;i, and Pers.). Is 

 according to Lindley one of the species having emetic properties. 



Muscari spicatiriu of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vorvoi" (Sibth.), 

 and agreeing better with the "volvos emStikos " of Dioscorides : — M. spicatum was observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, its leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, a span long ; but 

 nothing is said of the properties of its root. 



Scilla pancratium of the Mediterranean countries. The TTATKPATION by some called 

 C K I A A A M, having according to Dioscorides leaves like K P I N UJ but longer, a great reddish bulb, 

 and properties like C K I A A H but milder, — mentioned also by Galen simpl. viii. 16. 1, is referred by 

 Anguillara sempl. p. 120 to the red-bulbed variety of S. maritima, but by Steinheil to S pancratium, 

 recognized by him as a distinct species. Westward, the "pancration" by some called " scillam 

 pusillam" is described by Pliny xxvii. 92 as having the leaves of " albi lilii " but longer and " crassi- 

 oribus " thicker, the large bulbous root " rufo " reddish : S. pancratium the " bulb about half the size " 

 and " pale green or whitish green or occasionally red, leaves much shorter more acute erect and nar- 



