OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 495 



rower, stem more glaucous, flowers smaller more compactly arranged with shorter bracts, flower-stalks 

 shorter, flower-bud more blunt, petals and sepals spread fully out white oval obtuse mucronulate 

 marked with a pale pink line along the middle of the back " has been found in the environs of Cadiz 

 and on Malta (Lindl.). 



Pofygonatum multiflorum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Italy " sigillo di Salomone " 

 ■ or " sigillo di S. Maria" (Lenz), in Greece " polugonaton " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 

 TTOAYrONATON growing according to Dioscorides on mountains and more than two cubits high, 

 its leaves laurel-like but smoother and broader, with white flowers at the base of each, the long white 

 root hairy and geniculate, and as thick as the finger : — P. multiflorum was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; by Gmelin, as far as East Siberia ; and by Thunberg, on mount 

 Fakon in Japan. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 678 (Spreng.) ; is termed " p. latifolium 

 vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 78 ; and is known to grow on the Appenines and throughout middle 

 Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 152, Engl. bot. pi. 279, Wats., Savi, and Lenz). 



Pofygonatum vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Solomon's 

 seal or seal-wort (Prior), and perhaps included in the "polugonaton of Dioscorides, — referred here 

 by Clusius pannon. p. 264, and Sibthorp : P. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount 

 Parnassus. Westward, is termed "p. latifolium flore majore odoro " by Tournefort inst. 78; and is 

 known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 337, Pers., 

 Spreng., and Lenz). 



Streptopus ainplexifolius of Subarctic climates. The I A A 1 A : P I Z A having according to Dios- 

 corides OHVMYPC I N H-like leaves, and next them little tendrils bearing the flower, — is referred 

 here by Anguillara p. 259, and Sprengel. Westward, the account of the " idaeae herbae " by Pliny 

 xxvii. 69 seems taken from Dioscorides ; but S. amplexifolius was observed by Anguillara frequent 

 in the forests of Italy; is described by Matthioli 841, and Columna phyt. pi. 15 ; and is known to 

 grow on the Pyrenees, Jura, and other mountains of middle Europe (Pers., and Dec). Farther 

 West, was observed by Wormskiold in Greenland (Meyer) ; by Colmeister, and Herzberg, in Labra- 

 dor from Lat. 57 ; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland ; is known to grow throughout Canada and our 

 Northern States as far as Lat. 43° (near Utica, A. Gray), and farther South on the mountains of 

 Pennsylvania (Pursh) ; also in Northwest America at Unalascha, and across the Pacific in Kam- 

 tschatka (Cham.). 



Sparganium ramosum of Northern climates. Called in Britain bur reed (Prior) : the CTTA P 

 T A N I N having according to Dioscorides 1 1 <I> I UU-like leaves, balls at the summit of the stem, and 

 its root and fruit taken in wine against poisonous animals, — identified in the added Synonyms with 

 the "xiphithion" or " vdlon," and mentioned by Galen simpl. viii. 18. 34, may be compared: S. 

 ramosum was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, growing in water from the Peloponnesus to Con- 

 stantinople ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caucasian countries and Siberia (Bieb., and Wats.). 

 Westward, the " sparganion " is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 63 as taken in wine against snake-bites : S. 

 ramosum is described by Matthioli pi. 702 (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 531 ; is known to grow in 

 Barbary and throughout Europe as far as Sweden (Curt. lond. v. pi. 66, Pers., and Wats.). Farther 

 West, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Drummond, in Lat. 54°near Cumberland House 

 in central North America; by Short, in Kentucky; by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 near 

 Portsmouth to 40 ; and apparently the same species by Elliott in Georgia, and by Chapman in Florida. 

 Sparganium simplex of Northern climates. Agreeing better with the description of the leaves, 



according to Sprengel: S. simplex has not been observed in Greece; but is known to grow in 



Siberia (Wats.). Westward, is known to grow in Barbary and Switzerland, and throughout middle 

 and Northern Europe as far as Russia and Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 748, Pers., and Wats.). Farther 

 West was observed by Drummond in Lat. 54° near Cumberland House in central North America ; 

 by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 44 to 42°, subaquatic and the terminal peduncle sometimes 

 branching, but a more humble plant than the preceding. 



Calamagrostis epigeios of Northern climates. The K A A AM A l~ P UJ C T I C larger in every way 

 than the ArPWCTCWC according to Dioscorides, and if eaten by cattle killing them, especially 

 along roadsides in Babylonia, — is referred here by Lobel, and others : C. epigeios was observed by 

 Chaubard frequent in humid situations in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats., 

 and Kunth). Westward, is described by Lobel adv. pi. 6 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Bar- 

 bary and throughout Europe as far as Russia and Lapland (Poll., Lightf. fl. Scot, Steud., and Wats.). 

 Farther West, was observed by Hooker on Iceland (but compare C. stricta of the Alpine portion of 

 the White Mountains in New England and the mountains of Europe). This grass according to 

 Sprengel is in general avoided by cattle, and if eaten through necessity, is known to induce internal 

 inflammation and occasionally death. 



Molinia canilea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The K I N N A M so called in 

 Cilicia where it grows, and further according to Dioscorides iv. 32 if eaten moist by cattle oiten 



