496 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



inducing inflammation, — may be compared with this reedy grass : M. ccerulea was observed by Sib- 

 thorp growing among heath near Constantinople. Westward, is termed "gramen paniculatum autum- 

 nale panicula angustiore e viridi nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to grow throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. v. pi. n, Thuil., Gaud., and Pers.) ; and according to 

 Sprengel, has been observed to injure cattle. 



Gastridmm lendigerum of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain 

 nit-grass (Prior) : the * A A A P I C of Dioscorides, two palms high with slender useless roots giving 

 out several geniculate stems reedy and like those of Z 6 A C, its seeds oblong white as large as millet 

 and with the bruised plant relieving pain in the bladder, — mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus 

 Aegineta, may be compared : G. lendigerum was observed by Sibthorp in the sand of the seashore 

 of Asia Minor ; by Gittard, in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border 

 of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the " phalaris " is described by Pliny xxvii. 102 as having a 

 long slender "thyrsum" and seeds like " sesamae : " G. lendigerum is described by Plukenet aim. 

 pi. 33 ; is termed "panicum serotinum arvense spica pyramidata " by Tournefort inst. 515, " agrostis 

 australis " by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in Southern France and as far even as Britain (Gouan 

 hort. 39 pi. 1, Huds., and Pers.). 



Equisetum liiuosuin of Northern climates. The ITTTTOYPIC : €T€ PA described by Dio- 

 scorides as more than a cubit high with whiter shorter and softer foliage, — is referred here by 

 Sprengel, and Fraas : E. limosum was observed by Fraas in Greece, more frequent than other kinds 

 and called "polutrihia." Westward, the account of the " aliam hippurin " by Pliny xxvi. 83 is taken 

 from Dioscorides ; E. limosum is described by Tragus f. 264 ; and is known to grow in Italy (Lenz) 

 and throughout middle and Northern Europe. Farther West, has been observed by myself in North 

 America, from Lat. 4S on the Lower St. Lawrence to Salem in New England and 39 beyond Phila- 

 delphia. 



Aspidium lonchitis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain holly-fern, 

 "from its prickly fronds" (Prior): the AorXITIC:€T6PA having according to Dioscorides 

 CKOAOnE N API Ul-like fronds but larger rougher and more deeply incised, — is referred here by 

 writers : A. lonchitis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the mountains of Crete to the Bithy- 

 nian Olympus. Westward, the "loghitis StSra" or "loghitin trabSian" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "loggina" or " kalavrina " of the Romans : A. lonchitis is described by Matthioli p. 666 

 (Spreng.) ; is termed "lonchitis aspera" by Tournefort inst. 53S ; and is known to grow in Italy and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 797, and Lenz). 



Agaricus dry in in of middle Europe. The A r A P I K N : 9 H A Y distinguished by Dioscorides 

 by having within straight lamellae, — is referred here by Sprengel: the agaricon " femina" is men- 

 tioned also by Pliny xxv. 57 : A. dryinus is described by Persoon ; and is known to grow on oaks and 

 beeches in middle Europe (Spreng.). 



Agaricus ostreatus of middle Europe. Regarded by Sprengel as perhaps included in the "agari- 

 kon thelu " of Dioscorides : A. ostreatus is described by Jacquin ; is known to grow in middle Europe, 

 and like the preceding on oaks and beeches (Spreng.). 



Zonaria pavonia of the coasts of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The *Y KOC : 6AAAC 

 CION:TTAATYof Dioscorides — is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : Z. pavonia was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Bory, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands as far as Imros ; 

 and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, is termed "f. maritimus gallo-pavonis pennas 

 referens " by Tournefort inst. 568 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow 

 throughout the Mediterranean (Bory), and as far North in the Atlantic as Britain (Engl. bot. 

 pi. 1276). 



Wormskioldia granaiea of the coasts of the Mediterranean. The *YKOC:eAAACCION 

 distinguished by Dioscorides as oblong and *OINICCON red, — is referred here by Sprengel : 

 W. granatea is described by Lamouroux, and Turner; and according to Sprengel, is not rare in the 

 Mediterranean. 



/ 'aleriana Hardmickii of the Himalayan mountains. The NAPAOY: INAIKH : P 6 INH 

 of Dioscorides — is referred here by Sprengel. V. Hardwickii is described by W allien (in Roxb. fi. 

 ind. i. 166, as. research, vi. 350) ; and its thick "fleshy strong-scented root is used in medicine in 

 Nepal and the North of India" (Royle lect. 82, and Lindl.). 



Gardenia hicida of Tropical Hindustan. Its resin called by the Arabs at Bombay " kunkham " 

 (Birdwood 44, 269, and J. F. Wats, index) ; in which we recognize the KATKAMON described by 

 Dioscorides as the exudation of an Arabian tree, in some measure resembling myrrh ; — and mentioned 

 by Pliny xii. 44 as brought by the Nabathean Arabs to the Mediterranean countries. G. lucida was 

 observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Wight ; and is described by Graham as "a lartje shrub or 

 small tree, in gardens Bombay, grows wild on Elephanta, Kennery jungles, S. M. country (Law)," and 

 "furnishes the gum called ' decamalee.' " Farther East, enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah. 

 As transported to Europe, described by Plukenet pi. 367. 



