498 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Planlaoo isfaghula of Central Asia. A low annual called in Persian and Hindustanee " ispagool " 

 (Lindl.) ; carried to Hindustan, and from early times cultivated there for medicinal use : — observed by 

 Fleming as. res. xi. 174, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Royle, its seeds of a very cooling nature sold in the 

 bazaars and used to prepare a mucilaginous drink often prescribed as emollient (Drur.). 



" The same year " (Sueton. 16, Tacit, xv. 44, Tertull. apol. v., and Clint.), conflagration at Rome, 

 destroying a large portion of the city : followed by the " First persecution " of Christians. Josephus 

 at the age of " twenty-six " visiting Rome and introduced to Poppaea wife of Nero. 



"65 A. D." (Dionys. of Corinth, Tertull., Euseb., and Clint), war commencing in Judaea, with 

 the defeat of the Romans under Cestius Gallus. In Rome, Paul put to death. The charge of the 

 Christians there devolving on Linus (2 Tim. iv. 21, Iren., and Euseb.). 



Peter "about the same time" put to death (Dionys. of Corinth) : was crucified with his head 

 downwards, at his own request— (according to Origen, Euseb. h. e. ii. 25 and iii. 1). The gospel of 

 John xxi, 18 was written subsequently to this event. 



Greek manuscripts written as early as this year and found at Herculaneum (Sylvestre) presenting 

 the following form of the letter ■&. 



The same year ( = 326 B. C — " 140 — 130— 120 " = 56 B. C. " — 120 yrs." of Masudi, Wilford 

 as. res. ix. 181), a date possibly marking the accession of the Andra dynasty. The capital of the 

 kings of Andra or inland Telingana was Varangul (Elph. iv. 2). 



"66 A. D." (Clint.), arrival of Nero in Greece. — Where, in the following year ("two years 

 after the true period ") he celebrated the Olympic games. 



"67 A. D." (Jos., and Clint.), Josephus taken prisoner at the capture of Jotapata in Galilee by 

 the Romans under Vespasian. 



One hundred and thirty-first generation. A. D. 67, Sept. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Chinese 

 historian I'an-kou, and his sister Pan-hoei'-pan . Justus of Tiberias : the Greek philosophers, Muso- 

 nius Rufus, Ammonius of Lamprae, and Euphrates ; the rhetors, Isaeus, and Ardys : the Christian 

 writers, Glaucias, Menander the Simonian ; the Latin writers, Quintilianus, Silius Italicus, Statius, 

 and Frontinus ; the Roman painters, Cornelius Pinus, and Accius Priscus (Bryan). 



"6S, June 9th " (Sueton., and Clint ), Nero succeeded by Galba, sixth Roman emperor. The 

 hieroglyphic ovals of Galba occur on Egyptian monuments. His name occurs besides on coins 

 issued in Egypt ; and in a Greek inscription at the Great Oasis, dated in his brief reign. 



Cachrys Simla of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " pStroanarthekos " (Sibth.) : 

 the KPATinnOY: NAP-G-HKOC prescribed by Andromachus the younger — (Gal. comp. med. vi. 

 6) may be compared : C. Sicula was observed by Sibthorp in stony situations in Boeotia and on 

 Cyprus. Westward, is described by Morison ix. pi. 1, and Boccone pi. 18; is termed " c. semine 

 fungoso sulcata aspero foliis peucedani latiusculis " by Tournefort inst. 325 ; and is known to grow 

 in Sicily, Barbary, and Spain (Pers.). 



As early perhaps as this date, arrival of Pliny in Spain, having been appointed procurator 

 "towards the close of the reign of Nero." — He continued in Spain in " 71," and returned to Rome 

 shortly before " 73" (Sm. b. d.). 



Gossain Than, Kamaon, and Kedarkonta, its root "fleshy," and flowers "deep blue, in dense spikes " 

 (Benth., and Lindl.) ; by Irvine mat. med. patn. 38, used as a tonic, and called in Hindustanee 

 "kootki" (Drur. 162). 



Dioscorea deltoidea of Subtropical Hindustan. A species of vain ; from early times in Cashmere, 

 its roots used for washing woollen cloths and silk for shawls — (Powel punj., and Drur): D. deltoidea 

 was observed by Rumphius v. 4S2 and pi. 180 "circa castellum Victoriam," and by Wallich 5 no in 

 Nepal (Grisebach and A. Dec.) ; the " mu-kelengue " observed by Rheede viii. pi. 51 in Malabar, and 

 the " common yam, cultivated " according to Graham around Bombay, may also be compared. 



Xyi is Indica of Hindustan and Burmah. Annual, a foot high, and called in Bengalee " cheena 

 ghauza" or " dabi dooba " (Lindl.) or " dali doob," in Malabar " kotsjelleti-pullu " (Drur.) ; from early 

 times, its leaves and root used to cure ringworm, itch, and leprosy : — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 71 

 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in the "S. Concan" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, as 

 far as Coromandel and Bengal ; by .Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to 

 Europe, is described by 1'lukenet aim. pi. 416. 



A udropogon iwarancusa of the skirts of the mountains of Northern Hindustan. A fragrant grass 

 three to six feet high and called in Bengalee "kurankusha" or " ibharankusha " or " iwarankusha" 

 (Lindl.) or " iwaran-kussa " (Drur.); and from early times in Northern Hindustan, its aromatic roots 

 used in intermittent fevers: — observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Royle, as far as Hurdwar. A 

 grass regarded by Graham as probably identical, was observed by him as far as Bombay, in the 

 " Concans, rare." 



