5 oO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



He removed the sword* of Amateraszu " to the temple of Atsuta, Owari, — where it still remains, 

 but is never shown " (Jap. c. a). 



"Other almost equally ancient swords — are preserved in various places, but sword making in 

 Japan is of comparatively much more recent origin" (Jap. c. a). 



"74 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, censors appointed for the last time. 



Fumaria officinalis of middle and Eastern Asia ? Called in Britain earth-smoke or fumitory, 

 by Treveris gr. herb. 171 "fume or smoke of the earth," in the Ortus sanitatis 176 " fumus terrae," 

 in France "fume-terre" (Prior), in Italy "fumosterno" or "fumaria" (Lenz), in Greece "kapnia" 

 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the <t>OYMAPI A of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 KAtlNITHCor KAnNOC among barley :— the " capnos " growing in gardens and barley fields 

 of Pliny xxv. 99, may also be compared : F. officinalis is described by Brunfels i. 99; is termed "f. 

 officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 422 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur 

 in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 52, and Pers.). Eastward, was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in vineyards and waste ground throughout Greece and 

 the Greek islands: by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt and called "sjaetaredj," in which we recognize 

 the " shahtarraj " of Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, Elisraeli, Rhazes, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar ; " aqua " 

 and " syrupus fumariae " are besides enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in 

 Egypt; and F. officinalis was observed by him in the higher mountain-region of Yemen and called 

 "summina." Farther East, was observed by Thunberg frequent everywhere in Japan and called 

 "karas no ninsin" or "fingosakf." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 

 where it has become a weed in waste and cultivated ground. The juice according to Lindley "was 

 formerly administered in cutaneous diseases and obstructions of the liver." (See F. parviflora and 

 F. capreolata.) 



Geranium prutcuse of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain crowfoot 

 cranesbill (Prior), and the rePANOIlOAION of Syn. Diosc. iii. 104 — (mistaken for Agrostemma 

 coronaria ?), may be compared : G. pratense was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople ; and 

 is known to grow as far as Northern Japan (Sieb.). Westward, is termed "g. batrachioides gratia 

 Dei Germanorum " by Tournefort inst. 266 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far 

 as Britain (Cav. iv. pi. 87, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 49, and Pers.). 



Erodium moschatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "mosko- 

 lahanon," and the MYPPIC or MEPTPY; of Syn. Diosc. iii. I2r, — identified by Pliny xxvi. 68 

 with the "geranion" resembling "cicutae" but having a shorter stem, finer leaves, and agreeable 

 in taste and odour, is referred here by Fraas: the "herbs moschatae " is mentioned by Nicolaus 

 Myrepsus iii. 46 : E. moschatum was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent in the Pelo- 

 ponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, is termed " acus moschata" by 

 Euricius Cordus (Spreng.), "g. cicutae folio moschatum" by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known 

 to grow in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (J acq. hort. i. pi. 55. and Engl, 

 bot. pi. 902). By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, Brazil, and Peru (Pers.). 



Berbcris vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain barberry or ber- 

 berry (Prior), in France " epine-vinette " (Nugent), in Italy "berberi" or "crespino" or "trespino" 

 (Lenz),. in Greece " oxuakantha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the OHYAKAN-Q-Aof Syn. Diosc. 

 i. 123, — identified by Serapion with the "amir beris" or"berbaris" or " atsrar ; " the "amyrberis" is 

 mentioned by Avicenna (Prior), and the "azrur" by Ebn Baitar: B. vulgaris was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers.) ; and its fruit, 

 imported "from Greece," is enumerated by Rhazes, Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med. as employed 

 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the "spina appendix" having according to Pliny xxiv. 70 scarlet 

 berries called "appendices," is referred here by writers : B. vulgaris is described by Matthaaus Syl- 

 vaticus 38, Valerius Cordus, and Gerarde ; is identified with the " amyberberis " of the Arabs in the 

 Ortus sanitatis 55 (Prior); is termed "b. dumetorum" by Tournefort inst. 614; is known to grow 

 in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson as 

 perhaps exotic in Britain. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 

 become naturalized from Newfoundland to the environs of Boston. The bark according to Lindley 



* Magnolia hypoleuca of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos " ikajubni " (Sieb.), in 

 Japan " honoki," and possibly as early as this date used for scabbards by the Japanese — (see Jap. 

 centen. comm. 31 and 88) ; by the Ainos, for quivers (Sieb). 



Isolepis sp. of Japan. A rush from early times used for " mattings of better quality " in the prov- 

 ince of Bingo— (Jap. centen. comm. 74). 



Hydropyrum latifolium of Japan. From early times used in Japan "for commoner mattings " — 

 (Jap. centen. comm. 74). The plant, from transported specimens, described by Grisebach. 



