OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 501 



is "astringent," and "a refreshing drink prepared by crushing the fruit in water is considered ser- 

 viceable in fevers." (See Crataegus pyracantha). 



Hippuris vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Italy "coda di cavallo " (Lenz), in Britain 

 in old herbals "female horsetail," and by modern botanists mare's-tail (Prior), the TYNON or 

 eKYTION identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 47 with the CA A I H : e KYN A of the Romans, — may be 

 compared : H. vulgaris has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow from " Lat. 44 " in 

 Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, the Shetland Islands, and Iceland 

 (Hook., Dec, Fries, Bertol., and A. Dec), is figured in manuscripts T and G of the latin Apuleius 

 40, and is described by Matthioli p. 676, and Dodoens p. 113 (Spreng.). Eastward, is known to 

 grow in the river Terek, and from Affganistan throughout Siberia to the mouths of the Obi and Lena 

 and to Kamtschatka. Farther East, is known to grow from Bering's Straits and " Lat. 60° " to Norfolk 

 Sound, the Saskatchewan, Newfoundland (Mert., Drumm., and Hook.), Labrador (Mey.), and 

 Greenland (Wats.) ; was observed by myself at the Southern extreme of Nova Scotia, by Eaton in 

 " Lat. 43 " in the Hudson river, and by Short in Kentucky. In the Southern Hemisphere, was 

 observed by J. D. Hooker fl. ant. ii. p. 73 at the abandoned settlement at Port Famine in the Straits 

 of Magellan. 



Linum Gallicum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " linon " (Sibth.), in Italy 

 " lino silvestre " (Riccio, and Targ.), and possibly the AlNONiATPION identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 ii. 125 with the A I N OYM: ATPeCTeM or A I N OMY POYM of the Romans: — L. Gallicum is 

 termed "lino salvatico " by Matthioli (Targ.), " 1. sylvestre minus luteum annuum folio latiore " by 

 Tournefort inst. 340, " I. maritimum " by Lamarck fl. fr., and is known to grow from Montpellier to 

 the hills near Genoa (Ger. prov. pi. 15, Viviani, and Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 



Iberis amara of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany "bitterer bauernsenf" (Fraas), 

 and the CINHTThATPION or CINHTThTTePCIKON of Syn. Diosc. ii. 185 — may be com- 

 pared : I. amara is described by Linnasus ; was observed by Fraas not rare in Greece ; by Lenz, to 

 all appearance wild in Italy ; is known to grow as far as Switzerland and Germany (Crantz, and Pers ) ; 

 but in Britain occurs only in cultivated ground (engl. bot. pi. 52, and A. Dec). 



Picridium perenne of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agria pikralitha " 

 (Fraas), and the ATPIAiTTIKPIC of Syn. Diosc. ii. 159 — may be compared : P. perenne is de- 

 scribed by Sprengel ; and was observed by Fraas frequent in rocky situations in and around the 

 Peloponnesus. 



Rhitianthus minor of Northern and Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rattle-box or yellow 

 rattle (Prior), in Italy " cresta di gallo " (Lenz), in which we recognize the KPICTA : TAAAlNA 

 K € A of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. iv. 60, — or the " crista " described by Pliny xxvii. 23 as having 

 leaves that resemble a cock's comb, a slender stem, and pods containing black seeds which when 

 placed under the eyelids traverse around and finally come out: R. minor, distinguished by C. Ch. 

 Gmelin (Steud.), is known to grow on the Appenines and in Spain, and throughout middle and 

 Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Ehrh. 46, Fries, Hook., and A. Dec). Eastward, 

 has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow on the Taurian mountains and in Persia and 

 throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., Pall., and Bieb.). Farther East, was observed by 

 Chamisso on Unalascha ; by Scouler on the Lower Columbia, by Drummond on the Rocky moun- 

 tains ; is known to grow also from Slave Lake and Fort Franklin throughout Canada to Newfound- 

 land and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.) ; has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from 

 the Lower St. Lawrence to Salem in New England, and is known to occur as far as Lat. 42 at 

 Plymouth (A. Gray). 



Rhinanthus alpinus of Eastern Europe. The " alectorolophos " supposed by'Pliny to be identi- 

 cal with the Italian plant, — mentioned also by Aelian (Ainsw. diet.), is referred here by Fraas : R. 

 alpinus is described by Baumgarten, and was observed by Fraas on mount Pindus at the elevation of 

 " four thousand " feet. 



Veronica anagallis of Northern climates. Called in Britain by Lyte water-pimpernell (Prior), 

 in accordance with theANATAAAlC: 6NYAPOCof Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 — indirectly referred here 

 by Fuchsius (Spreng.) : V. anagallis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in 

 rills and ditches from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Smyrna ; is known to grow also 

 from Northern Hindustan throughout middle Asia to China and Kamtschatka (Gmel., Ledeb , and 

 Benth.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan, called there " kalen so." Southward from Greece, 

 the " karrat elain " of Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : V. anagallis was 

 observed by Delile around Rosetta, is known to grow on mount Sinai (Benth.), was observed by Fors- 

 kal among the mountains of Yemen, and is known to grow in Abyssinia (Rich.). Westward, is 

 termed " v. aquatica major et minor folio oblongo " by Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to grow in 

 Italy, Algeria, Portugal, the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, and throughout middle and North- 



