502 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



ern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Brot, Savi, Wats., Hook., and A. Dec). Farther West 

 the " blew-flowered pimpernel " was observed by Josselyn in New England prior to 1670 ; V. ana- 

 gallis is known to grow throughout Canada and our Atlantic States as far as South Carolina and 

 Texas (Beck, Berland., and Hook.), also on the Platte, the Rocky mountains (E. James, and Drumm.), 

 and along the Pacific coast to Sitka and Norfolk Sound (Cham., Mert, and Bong.). Probably by 

 European colonists, as suggested by Bentham, carried to Austral Africa, where it continues rare 

 (A. Dec). 



Veronica beccabutiga of Northern climates. Called in Britain brooklime, in Old English " brok- 

 lempe" or "brok-lympe" (Prior), in Icelandic " lemiki " (Cockayne), by the Turks "becabunga," 

 and possibly included in the " anagallis enutbros " of Syn. Diosc. : — V. beccabunga was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the outflowing water of springs from Constantinople to the Peloponne- 

 sus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus, and from Cabul and the Himalayas throughout Siberia to 

 Behring's Island (Gmel., Bieb., and Ledeb.). Southward from Greece, is enumerated by Clot-Bey 

 and Figari as observed in Egypt ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Abyssinia (A. Dec). 

 Westward, the "hleomoce" growing in brooks of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 38. 4 is referred 

 here by Cockayne : V. beccabunga is described by Fuchsius 725 ; is termed " v. aquatica major folio 

 subrotundo " by Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Algeria, Spain, Portugal, and 

 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Finland and Sweden in '' Lat. 63 " and Iceland 

 (Savi, Brot., Hook., and Wahl.). Farther West, is known to grow from Norway House throughout 

 Canada and as far South as Lat. 40° in our Atlantic States (Hook., and Conrad). 



Cyclamen Europaeuin of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain "pan de puerco," 

 in France "pain de pourceau " (Spreng.), in Italy " pamporcino " or "artanita" or "ciclamino" 

 (Lenz), in which we recognize the " cyclaminos " identified by Pliny xxv. 67 with the " tuber terrae ; " 

 the PAnOYM:T£PPAI or OYMBlAlKOYM:T£PPAI or APKAPA of the Romans in Syn. 

 Diosc. ii. 193 — may therefore be compared : the " cyclaminos " "is described by Pliny as growing in 

 Italy in shaded situations and sometimes cultivated, but his account seems in part taken from Dios- 

 corides : C. Europaeum is termed " c orbiculato folio inferne purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 

 154, and is known to grow in Italy and as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 401, Pers., and Lenz). 

 Farther South, the "kuklaminos" is identified by Apuleius with the "palalia;" C. Europaeum is 

 called in Arabic "arthanitsa" (Spreng., the origin of one Italian name), and the "bachur mariam" 

 of Ebn Baitar is referred here by writers. 



Junifterus exceha of the East Mediterranean and Tauro- Caspian countries. The A PKGY-0-OC: 

 MeTAAlH of Syn. Diosc. i. 103, resembling the KYIIAPICCUU and generally known, growing in 

 rough broken situations and along the sea, — may be compared: J. excelsa is termed "j. sabina var. 

 taurica " by Pallas ; was observed by Fraas in Greece, often "twenty feet high ; " by Grisebach, on 

 the Greek islands and in Asia Minor (Daub.) ; is known to grow in Tauria and towards the Caspian 

 (Willd., Pers., and Bieb.), also in Syria and Arabia (Lenz. See J. drupacea). 



Orchis morio of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain gandcrgoose 

 (Ainsw.), in Germany " knabwurz " (Fraas), in Greece " oura tbu lagou " (Sibth.) ; and the K Y N C : 

 O PX 1 N of Syn. Diosc. iii. 131, — and Galen (Orib. xiv. 23), written " cynosorchin " by Pliny xxvii. 

 42, is referred here by writers : the " chusa elkalb " is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : O. morio was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from Attica to Cyprus and Constantinople, its dried root 

 cooked and eaten. Westward, the "altera satyrios orchis " considered " femina " and its root worn 

 as an amulet according to Pliny xxvi. 62, may be compared: O. morio is described by Fuchsius 

 p. 554 (Spreng.) ; is termed " O. morio fcemina" by Tournefort inst. 433 ; and is known to grow 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Vaill. pi. 3T, Curt. lond. iii.- pi. 59, and Pers.). 



Orchis mascula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included at least in the old Eng- 

 lish ragwort, and German " ragwurz " (see Prior, and Lenz) ; and associated with the preceding as 

 early perhaps as this date: — O. mascula was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 

 Peloponnesus and on Parnassus, its dried root cooked and eaten. Westward, a double root is attrib- 

 uted to the "satyrion" by Pliny xxvi. 62 : O. mascula is described by Brunfels p. 104, and Fuchsius 

 p. S54 ; is termed " o. morio mas foliis maculatis " by Tournefort inst. 432 ; was observed by Haller 

 pi. 33 in Switzerland ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland and Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 457, Pers., and A. Dec). 



Orchis coriophora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly included : — observed 

 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, its dried root cooked 

 and eaten. Westward, is termed " o. odore hirci minor" by Tournefort inst. 443, "o. cimicina" by 

 Crantz ; was observed by Haller pi. 34 in Switzerland ; is known to grow in various parts of South- 

 ern Europe, and as far as the environs of Paris (Vaill. par. pi. 31, Jacq. austr. ii. pi. 122, and Pers.). 



"75 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, Euseb., and Clint.), the temple of Peace near the Roman Forum 

 completed ; together with a colossal statue " one hundred and twenty-eight cubits " high. 



