OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 503 



Asperugo procumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain madwort 

 (Prior), in Greece " kdlletzitha," and the A A Y C C C of Antonius of Cos, — described by Galen antid. 

 ii. p. 168 as resembling horehound, more rough and prickly about the balls and the flower blue, may 

 be compared : A. procumbens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places in the 

 Peloponnesus, Attica, and Cyprus. Westward, the " alysson " named from preventing madness from 

 a dog's bite is further described by Pliny xxiv. 57 as differing from " rubiam " madder " foliis tantum 

 et ramis minoribus : " A. procumbens is described by Gerarde ; is termed "a. vulgaris " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 135 ; is known to occur in waste places in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Denmark (fi. Dan. pi. 552, and Pers.) ; but has not been observed in Ireland (Mackay, and Power), 

 was known to Ray in only one locality in Britain, and is regarded by A. Decandolle as a naturalized 

 exotic. 



"76 A. D. = 'kian-tsou,' 1st year of Hiao-tchang-ti " or Tchang-ti, of the Han or Seventh 

 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



"The same year" (Abyss, chron., C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii, and M. Russel p. 109), Za-Malis 

 succeeded by Za-Hakale, now king of Abyssinia. — He is called Zoskales in the Erythraean periplus. 



The nePKH of the Rhine of Xenocrates aquat., — is referred by writers to the perch, P. fluvi- 

 atilis, inhabiting the rivers and lakes of middle and Northern Europe. 



"77 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint ), the celebrated rhetor Gabinianus teaching in Gaul. 



"In this year" (Plin. i. I, Sm. b. d., and C. Mull.), Pliny dedicating his " Naturalis Historia" to 

 Titus, now for the sixth time consul. 



In the days of Pliny . . . , commerce with India in no year drained the Roman Empire of less 

 than "five hundred and fifty millions of sesterces " (estimated by Major " at about £1,400,000 "), the 

 return being wares sold at fully one hundred times their prime cost. 



The "jamben" of Pliny vi. 33 is identified by C. Aluller (geogr. min. i. p. 169) with Yambo on 

 the Red Sea. At Zanzibar the Soahili salutation is " yambo," and the word has appeared to me to 

 belong to the Negro class of languages. The Arabs on the Red Sea and outer coast of Arabia 

 doubtless held commercial intercourse with Zanzibar as early as the time of Pliny. (See Amomum 

 zingiber.) 



The city of " Omanae " is mentioned by Pliny vi. 149 as one of the " oppidi Omanorum." The 

 name may have been derived from the Persian deity " Omanos," mentioned by Strabo xi. 8. 4 and xv. 

 3. 15. — In conversing with inhabitants of Mocha, I found the term "Oman" extended to the whole 

 Eastern extremity of Arabia. 



The A S T R B L V S of Pliny, described as " a gem like a fish's eye," may be compared with 

 the lens or hardened portion of the eye of cuttle-fish, Sepiadas. Hemispheroidal pearl-like granules 

 that seemed'to have this origin, were observed by myself among gems exhumed in Egypt. 



The earliest notice of S A P O soap is by Pliny ; who terms it an " invention of the Gauls " (F. 

 Adams) : — " sapon " is also mentioned by Galen, Aretaeus, and Paulus Aegineta ; and "sabun," by 

 Serapion, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar. 



Ranunculus polyanthemus of Western Europe. The POLYANTHEMVM, ulcerating according 

 to Pliny xxvii. 90 and by some called BATRACHION, — is referred here by Linnasus, and Sprengel : 

 R. polyanthemus is known to grow in France and middle Europe (Crantz, Pers., Gilib., Neck., and 

 Steud.). 



Actcza spicata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain baneberry (Prior), in Italy 

 " barba di capro " (Lenz) : the A C T A E A growing according to Pliny xxvii. 26 in deep-shaded rough 

 watery places, its stems geniculate and A S P E R I S, berries soft S EAA I N E ■ N I G R O, — is referred 

 here by writers: A. spicata is termed " christophoriana vulgaris nostras racemosa et ramosa" by 

 Tournefort inst. 299 ; is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland and throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe (Hill herb. p. 320, Hall. helv. 1076, fl. Dan. pi. 589, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 

 Sibthorp in wooded situations on the mountains of the Peloponnesus; is known to grow also on 

 Caucasus and in Siberia (Lindl). The roots according to Lindley are "antispasmodic, expectorant, 

 astringent." 



Fumaria capreolata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "staktgri" ashes, or 

 " kapnohorton " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the CAPNOS PRIMA or PEDES GALLINA 

 CEOS growing according to Pliny xxv. 98 on walls and along hedges, its branches extremely slender, 

 flower PVRPVREO- VIRIDIS, and juice removing dimness from the eyes : — the " kapnos helitho- 

 nion" of the collyrium of Martianus is mentioned by Aetius ii. 3. 109 and iii. 2 (Dod.) : F. capreolata 

 is termed "f. viticulis et capreolis plantis vicinis adhaerens " by Tournefort inst. 422; is known to 

 grow in Italy and Southern France, and even in England (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 47, Pers., and Lenz). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on walls and in cultivated ground in Greece and 

 on the Greek islands : and by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. (See F. parvi- 

 flora). 



