504 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Elatine hydropiper of Western Europe. Called in Britain water-wort or water-pepper (Prior), 

 and the C A L L I T R I C H E hot to the taste according to Pliny xxv. 86, growing in wet shaded situa- 

 tions, its leaves lentil-like, stems resembling a slender rush, and root diminutive, — may be compared : 

 " waeter-wyrt " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 48 ; "piper aqua." is enumerated among 

 potherbs by Franciscus Pedemontium; and E. hydropiper is known to grow throughout middle Europe 

 (Vaill. par. pi. 2, Hoffm. germ., Schuhr pi. 109, and Pers.). 



Sinapis juncea of Eastern Asia. The Indian mustard is called in Egypt "kabar" and the seeds 

 "khardel" (Forsk., and Del.), in Sanscrit " sarshapa " (J. F. Wats.), in Hindustanee "sarsaf.'Mn Ben- 

 galee "sarshapa" or " sarshya " (D'roz.) or " rai," in Tamil "kudaghoo" (Drur.) ; and the third or 

 G R AC I LE kind of S I N A P I, mentioned by Pliny xix. 54 to xx. 87, as well as the mustard seed 

 brought from Egypt. — maybe compared: S. juncea was observed by Delile in the cultivated fields 

 of Egypt. Eastward, the protecting flour on a boy's forehead mentioned by Bhavabhuti 9 — is referred 

 by H. H. Wilson to white mustard ; and the "sarshapa" as an external application is prescribed in 

 the stanzas of the Ayurvedas (Susrut. chik 5) : S. juncea, according to Wight i. 20, and Drury, is 

 cultivated all over India; is known to occur also in China (Pers.). 



Dentaria enneaphylla of the mountains of Austria as far as Italy. The ENNEAPHYLLON hav- 

 ing according to Pliny xxvii. 54 nine long leaves and exciting pustules if applied externally, — is 

 referred here by writers : D. enneaphylla is described by Linnaeus ; was observed by Scopoli in Car- 

 niolia ; and is known to grow in calcareous soil on the mountains of Austria as far as Silesia (Jacq. 

 austr. pi. 316, Pers., Grabowsk., and A. Dec). 



Reseda alba of the Alediterranean countries. Called in France with other species "reseda" 

 (Nugent), in Germany "resede" or "resedenkraut " (Grieb), in Greece "aggSiotra" or"ohetra" 

 (Sibth.), and the RES EDAM herb of Pliny .xxvii. 106 — is referred here by Sprengel : R. alba is 

 termed "r. foliis calcitrapa? flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 423?; was observed by Forskal among 

 rubbish on Malta ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and as far as Montpellier in France (Pers., 

 Dec. fl. fr., and Steud.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 



Lvchnis vespertina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The MALVNDRVM herb, 

 growing according to I'liny xxvi. 24 in meads and grain-fields, its flower white and fragrant, — is 

 referred here by Clusius, Sprengel, and others : L. vespertina is termed "1. sylvestris alba" by Tour- 

 nefort inst. 334; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pi. 792, 

 and Engl. bot. pi. 1580), its flowers becoming fragrant at night (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 

 Sibthorp in shaded situations around Constantinople. 



Lychnis dioica, having purple flowers — but usually regarded as not distinct: termed 'T. sylves- 

 tris " by Dodoens pempt. 171, " 1. s. seu aquatica purpurea simplex" by C. Bauhin pin. 204, "1. diurna" 

 by Sibthorp oxon., and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Pers.) : observed by Roehling in 

 Germany (Steud.) ; by Linnaeus, in the mountain-valleys of Lapland, but the flower more frequently 

 white "qua? naturaliter purpurea est." Westward, " L. dioica" was observed by Sabine in Greenland 

 (Hook.). 



Lychnis flos-cuculi of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cuckoo flower 

 or cuckoo gilliflozuer or mggcd robin, in France "robinet dechire" " (Prior), in Italy "oculus Christi " 

 (Riccio, and Targ.), and the ASYLAor FERVSOCVLVS of Pliny xxv. 92, sought by cattle that 

 have eaten the blue ANAGALLIDA, — may be compared : L. flos-cuculi is described by Tragus 403 

 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. pratensis flore laciniato" by Tournefort inst. 336 ; is known to grow from 

 Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 51)0, Curt. lond. i. pi. 33, and Lam. fl. fr.) ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in moist grassy meads in the Peloponnesus. 



Cuatbalus baccifents of Western Europe. The CVCVLVS of Pliny xxvii. 44, by some called 

 STRVMVM, by others S T R Y C H N N, having black berries and its leaves used against the stings 

 of serpents and scorpions, — may be compared : C. bacciferus was observed by Lucas Ghini (Dalech. 

 1429, and Spreng. comm. Diosc. ii. 194); by Scopoli, in Carniolia; termed "lychnanthus volubilis " 

 by S. G. Gmelin (Steud.): known to grow in woods as far as Paris and Maestricht (Mill. pi. 112, 

 Pers., and fl. Bat.), and formerly on an islet in Thames (A. Dec). 



Gypsophila struthium of Spain. The imported root called in Italy "strutio" or "struzio" 

 (Targ.), and possibly the R A D I C V L A mentioned by I'liny xix. 18 as preserved or stored for washing 

 woolen garments:— ('7. struthium was sent by Ferrandus Imperatus to C. Bauhin, its root used by 

 the Neapolitans as a substitute for soap, and believed to be the "khondus" of the Arabs (C. B. pin. 

 206, and Spreng.): G. struthium is termed "radicetta" by Matthioli (Targ.), is described also by 

 Boccone Bins. ii. pi. 122, and Barrelier rar. pi. 119, is known to grow in Spain (Pers.), and its root is 

 imported from Spain into Italy (Targ.). 



Silene spinescens of the East Mediterranean countries. The STRVTHION described by Pliny 

 xix. i8asSPINOSA-ET-CAVLE'LANVGINOSO spinous and with a woolly stem, — may be 

 compared : S. spinosa, described by Sibthorp as having opposite spinescent branches and leaves 

 pubescent on all sides, was observed by him in Asia Minor. 



