506 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"r. sylvestris pomifera major " by Bauhin, and Tournefort inst. 638, and is known to grow in the 

 woods of middle Europe (Pers., and engl. hot. pi. 583) ; was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos. 

 Rosa montana of Western Europe. A white-flowered species called in Italy " rosa di macchia " 

 or "spine bianche" (Targ.), and the S PI N A- ALBA of Pliny xv. 34, its POMVM being the stem 

 itself, — may be compared : R. montana is termed " r. myrtifolia " by the younger Haller, " r. olei- 

 carpa " and " r. sepium " by Thuillier, " r. biserrata " by Merat, was observed by Villars in Dauphiny, 

 by C. Ch. Gmelinnear Baden and termed '■ r. agrestis " (Steud.) ; by O. Targioni-Tozetti, in open 

 uncultivated Dlaces and along hedges in Italy. 



Rvsa punpinellifolia of the Mediterranean countries. A small species called in Italy " rosa 

 pimpinella " (Targ.), and theSPINEAorSPINEOLAof Pliny xxi. 10, a kind of rose with small 

 leaves — (Ainsw.), may be compared : R. pimpinellifolia is described by Linnaeus, and is known to 

 grow in Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Rosa alba of Western Europe. The PRAECOXCAMPANA rose of Pliny xxi. 10, one of the 

 two CELEBERRIMA species, —is referred here by Sprengel : R. alba is described by Duhamel, 

 Linnasus, and in fl. dan. pi. 1215 ; is termed '• r. usitatissima" by Gatereau (Steud.) ; is well known 

 in the gardens of Europe (Pers.) ; and was observed by Delile in gardens at Cairo. 



Rosa Provincialis of Western Europe. Called in Britain Province rose from the village of 

 Provins near Paris where it used to be cultivated (Prior), in France "roses pompones " (Pers.) : the 

 PRAENESTINA rose of Pliny xxi. 10, one of the two CELEBERRIMA kinds, — is referred here 

 by Clusius (Spreng.): R. Provincialis is described by Ehrhart, Poiret, Dumont de Courset, and Roes- 

 sig (Steud.) ; was observed by C. Ch. Grnelin near Baden; is known to grow also in Bohemia, Italy, 

 France, and Spain (Pers.). 



Rosa rubiginota of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain swcetbriar 

 (Prior), and the RVBORVM'ROSA growing according to Pliny xxi. 10 and xxiv. 74 on the R V B 

 and even there having a ple.isant odour, — may be compared : the " bramble flour that bereth the red 

 hepe " of Chaucer 13^7^, may also be compared: the " swete brere " is mentioned by Turner pi : 

 R. rubiginosa is termed " r. sylvestris foliis odoratis " by Tournefort inst. 638, "r. fol. sublus rubigi- 

 nosis " by Haller; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 

 870, Lightf., Jacq. austr. pi. 50, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponne- 

 sus. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it 

 has become naturalized ; was also carried to Hindustan, where it continues 'in gardens, a delicate 

 plant " (Graham) ; and to Burmah (Mason). 



Gfiim urbauum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain avens or herb 

 bennet, by Topsell and Askham "avance," by Galfridus pr. pm. " avence,'" in medieval Latin " aven- 

 cia " or " avantia " (Prior), in Germany " nelkenwurz," in Italy " cariofillata " (Lenz), and the G EVM 

 having according to Pliny xxvi. 21 slender black fragrant mots of an agreeable flavour, — is referred 

 here by writers : the "herba benedicta" is mentioned by 1'latearius, and the "anancia" in the Ortus 

 sanitatis (Prior): G. urbanum is termed " caryophyllata vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 204, and 

 is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Pet. h. brit. pi. 40, fl. 

 Dan. pi. 672, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in shaded situa- 

 tions from Constantinople to mount Athos and Corax. The root according to Lindley is •'astringent, 

 and in some degree aromatic, said to give an agreeable clove-like flavour to beer and even to wine." 



Mesembryanthemum Copticum of the Egyptian Desert. — The A C I N S ■ E P I P E T R N-V 

 CANT that never flowers, enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt, — may be 

 compared: capsules of " M. geniculiflorum " were found by Forskal p. 98 soaked and dried by the 

 Bedouins and the seeds separated for making bread, which however is not eaten by other Arabs ; 

 the plant was observed by him, growing in the Desert around the Pyramids, and called " o-hasul" or 

 " samhh ; " and by Delile, not far from Cairo in the Desert. (See M. nodiflorum.) 



Myrrhis temula of Western Europe. The ANTHRISCVS having medicinal properties accord- 

 ing to Pliny xxii. 38, — is referred here by Dalechamp 791 (Linn.): M. temula is described by 

 Morison 9 pi. 10, is termed " scandix nutans " by Moench, and is known to occur along waysides 

 and in cultivated ground throughout Western Europe, the young umbels nodding (Curt.lond.pl., 

 Jacq. austr. pi. 65, and Pers.); was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden; by Roth, in Germany; by 

 Pallas, as far as Russia (Steud.). 



Oenanthe phcllamtriitm of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain water-fennel (Prior), 

 in Germany " weierfenchel " or " wilden fenchel " (Trag.) ; and the P H E L L A N D R I N of Pliny 

 xxvii. toi, growing in marshes, its leaf like A P I I, and its seed used against calculus and other affec- 

 tions of the bladder, — is referred here by writers : Oe. phellandrium is described by Tragus 4:7, 

 and Matthioli 812 (Spreng.) : is termed "phellandrium aquaticum" by Linnajus; is known to grow 

 in Siberia and the Crimea (Lindl), and throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pl.\>$4, 

 fl. Dan. pi. 1 154, Crantz, and Pers.). The plant according to Lindley is " poisonouslike " Oe cro- 

 cata "but in a less degree." 



