OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 507 



Eryngium maritimum of the seashore along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Denmark. 

 Called in Britain sea-holm or sea-holly (Ainsw.), and the ERYNGEor ERYNGION distinguished by 

 Pliny xxii. 8 as growing by the seaside, A P I l-leaved and more rigid, — may be compared : also the 

 "hiringiu" identified with the " cardus marinus vel benedictus " by Symon Januensis sinon. : E. 

 maritimum is described by Parkinson theatr. p. 988, Morison vii. pi. 36, and Tournefort inst. 327 ; 

 and is known to grow on the seashore of Western Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 875, Engl. bot. pi. 718, and 

 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in maritime sand from Con- 

 stantinople to the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Having according to Lindley "similar proper- 

 ties" with E. campestre "but in a less degree;" E. maritimum may furnish a portion of the 

 "eryngium" root found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. 



Cnidium silaus of middle Europe. Called in Britain meadow saxifrage or pepper saxifrage 

 (Prior), in Germany "seselkraut" (Grieb), and the S I LA VS growing according to Pliny xxvi. 56 in 

 gravelly places along streams, a cubit high and resembling API I, cooked as an acid potherb and 

 besides used medicinally, is referred here by writers: C. silaus is descrihed by Tabernaemontanus, 

 and Rivinus pi. 59 ; and is known to grow in moist situations from Switzerland and Southern France 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 15, Pers., and Spreng.). 



Filago Germanica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain herb impious 

 (Prior), and the HERBA-IMPIA hoary with the aspect of RORISMARINI according to Pliny xxiv. 

 1 13, capitate and giving out branchlets that are capitate, like children rising above their parent, — 

 is referred here by writers : F. Germanica is termed "f. seu impia" by Tournefort inst. 454; and is 

 known to occur in pastures and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. 

 Dan. pi. 997, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 

 from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands ; and by Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally met with it in 

 waste ground in our Northern and middle States. 



Bellis perennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain daisy, in Old 

 English and by Chaucer "da'eseyghe," in Anglo-Saxon " daeges-eage " (Prior), in Germany "ganse- 

 blume" or "ganseblumchen" (Grieb), in France " marguerite " (Nugent), in Italy "margheritina'' 

 or "primo fiore " or "pratolina '* or "bellide" (Lenz), in Greece "asprolouloutha," in which we 

 recognize the BELLIS growing IN-PRATIS among grass according to Pliny xxvi. 13, its flower 

 white ALIQVATENVS-RVBENTEto some extent blushing, and when mixed and smeared render- 

 ing ARTEMISIA more efficacious: — B. perennis is termed "masslieben premula veris " in the 

 Ortus sanitatis pi. 333, "primula veris" by Brunschwygk ii. 8, and Fuchsius pi. 145, "fior di prima- 

 vera" in French "marguerites" by Matthioli p. 653 (Prior), and is known to grow in grassy situa- 

 tions from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 503, and Pers.), extensively 

 multiplied in consequence of the removal of the forest. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, throughout Greece and the Greek islands. By European colonists, was carried to North- 

 east America, where it continues under cultivation only as a favourite greenhouse plant. 



Hyoseris minima of Western Europe. A small annual called in Britain swine succory (Prior), 

 a translation of the HYOSERIS of Pliny xxvii. 64 : — H. minima is termed "arnoseris pusilla " by 

 Gaertner pi. 157 ; was observed by Allioni in Northern Italy (Steud.); and is known to grow in sandy 

 soil throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 201, Lam. fl. fr , and Pers.). 



Hyoseris scabra of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant in question, the name being 

 of Greek origin, and the HYOSERIS described by Pliny as INTVBO-SIMILIS-SED-MINOR- 

 ET-TACTV-AS PE RIO R bruised and applied to wounds : — H. scabra is termed "hieracium mini- 

 mum supinum tragopogoni capitulis " by Boccone pi. 106 as observed in Sicily ; was observed by 

 Allioni in Northern Italy (Steud.) ; is known to grow also in France and Barbary (Pers.) ; and was 

 observed by Sibthorp in Caria and on Cyprus. 



Belliian bellidioides of the Mediterranean countries. The B E L LIO described by Pliny xxi. 25 

 as crowned with flowers in the form of little balls, — mentioned also by Apuleius Barbaras 57, is 

 referred here by Billerbeck, and others: B. bellidioides is termed "bellis maritima minima roris 

 solis folio Cyrnsa" by Boccone pi. 107; is described also by Tournefort inst. 491 ; and is known 

 to grow in Italy, Corsica, and on the Balearic Islands (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp 

 on the islands of Eubcea and Rhodes. 



Doronicum sccrpioides of the mountains of Western Europe. The SCORPION described "by 

 Pliny xxv. 75 as GENICVLATA and growing in the shade, — may be compared: D. scorpioides, 

 distinguished by its geniculate root, is described by Matthioli p. 762, and Columna (Spreng.); and 

 is known to grow on the mountains of Corsica and France (Pers., Mohl, and A. Dec). 



Callislephics Chinensis of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain China aster, in France "reine mar- 

 guerite" (queen daisy, see Prior, and Graham), in Italy "adoni" or " adonide " (Targ.), in which 

 we recognize the A DON I VM sown in the summer of Pliny xxi. 34: — C. Chinensis continues a 



