OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 509 



Genitalia asclepiadea of the mountains of Southern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. 

 Called in Switzerland " grosse bitterwurz," and the C A L A T H I A N A of Pliny, a flower springing up 

 in autumn without smell — (Ainsw.), is referred to this or an allied species by Gesner ii. fig. 82: G. 

 asclepiadea was observed by Gesner in Switzerland, flowering in the autumn ; is termed " g. asclepiadis 

 folio " by C. Bauhin phyt. 343, and Tournefort inst. 80 ; is known to grow in the mountainous por- 

 tion of Spain, Italy, and Austria (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in woods on the Bithynian 

 Olympus. 



Vinca major of Western Europe. With V. minor called in Britain peri-winkle, by Chaucer and 

 other old poets " pervenke " or " pervinke" (Prior), in which we recognize the VINCAPERVINCA 

 identified with the CHAMAEDAPHNE of the Greeks by Pliny xxi. 39 and 99, evergreen and 

 employed for TOPI ARIA ornamental garden-work, supplying the want of flowers, and having 

 besides medicinal properties : the Latin name — is derived by Prior from " vincire " to bind, and " a 

 garland of pervenke " is mentioned in the Ballad against the Scots (Rits. i. p. 33) : V. major is known 

 to grow wild in Italy and Southwestern France (A. Dec, and Lenz), is cultivated for ornament through- 

 out Europe, and had become naturalized in Britain before the days of Ray. (See V. minor.) 



Cynanchum {Sarcostemma) pyrotechnicu?n of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. The S C R P I 

 ONEM-VEPR EAA-S I N E • F L I I S growing in Asia, further described by Pliny xiii. 37 and xxii. 17 

 as having the stem of asparagus and a single terminal spine, — may be compared : S. pyrotechnicum 

 was observed by Forskal p. 53 everywhere in Tropical Arabia, and the pith used to receive the fire 

 procured by rubbing together pieces of wood ; was observed by Delile near Suez on the Red Sea, 

 and called " mareh ; " by myself, along the border of the Desert in Upper Egypt. (See Ephedra 

 distachya). 



Anchusa officinalis of Western Europe. Called in Britain bugloss (Prior), in Italy "Luglossa" 

 or "buglossa volgare" (Lenz), in which we recognize the BVGLOSSO of Pliny xxvi. 71 said to 

 arrest intermittent fever if gathered and applied in a specified manner, — also the medicinal " vouglSs- 

 son " of Galen, and the "buglossa" of Maeer Floridus 34 referred here by Baudet : A. officinalis is 

 described by Lobel nov. stirp. ; is known to occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far 

 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 572, Pers., and A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson and others as not indig- 

 enous in Britain. Farther South, "anchusa " root procured by way of Alexandria is enumerated by 

 Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in Egypt ; and the living A. officinalis according to Clot- 

 Bey has been recently introduced. The " buglossum " of European shops is referred here by Lenz. 



Echinospermum spinocarpos of Egypt. The LAPPAGO of Pliny xxvi. 65, distinguished as 

 MO LLVGO and resembling the ANAGALLIDI but more branching, — maybe compared : E. spino- 

 carpos was observed by Forskal p. 41 at Alexandria, its leaves " mollia ; " by Delile in the Desert on 

 reaching Salehyeh ; but is not known to yield a medicinal fetid juice, nor to grow North of Egypt. 



Echinospermum lappula of Siberia. The LAPPAGO distinguished as ASPERVGO, resem- 

 bling according to Pliny xxvi. 65 the preceding but with rougher leaves, — may be compared : E. lap- 

 pula is described by Tragus 196, and Columna ecphr. pi. 179, is termed "buglossum angustifolium 

 semine echinato " by Tournefort inst. 134; occurs along walls and in waste places from Northern 

 Sweden throughout middle Europe, but only recently has been introduced into Britain (Haller helv. 

 589, Pers., and Bab.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 

 and is known to grow around Caucasus, and throughout Siberia (C. A. Mey., and A. Dec). Proba- 

 bly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by A. Gray in " waste places, 

 common " in Central New York, by myself around Montreal, and according to A. Decandolle occurs 

 in Oregon. 



Convolvulus Cantabrica of the Mediterranean countries. The CANTABRICA of Pliny xxv. 



55 is referred here by writers : C. Cantabrica is termed "cantabrica quorumdam" by Clusius hist. 



ii. 224, " c. linaria? folio assurgens " by Tournefort inst. 83-4 ; is known to grow in Southern Europe 

 and the neighbouring portion of Africa as far as Tauria (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 



Lamium maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " ortica 

 morta " or " lamio macchiato " (Lenz), in which we recognize the L A Ml V M included among nettles 

 by Pliny xxii. 16, and having ALBVM-IN-MEDIO-FOLIO that cures erysipelas: the LEVCE of 

 Pliny xxvii. 77, resembling MERCVRIALI and called MESOLEVCON from a white line along the 

 middle of the leaf, employed against fistula and cancer, — mentioned by Caelius Aurelianus as some- 

 times called "polium," is referred here by F. Columna i. p. 192, and Sprengel : L. maculatum is 

 termed " 1. alba linea notatum " by Tournefort inst. 183 ; is known to grow in Algeria, Italy, and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Pers., and Benth.) ; was once introduced and culti- 

 vated in Britain, and within the present century has made its appearance springing up spontaneously 

 in a few localities (Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 

 the Peloponnesus to mount Athos ; and is known to grow as far as the Altaian mountains (Benth.) 



