512 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



thread used in former times by the Germanic and Scandinavian nations " and till a late period in 

 Scotland and Friesland (Prior), in France "ortie " (A. Dec), in Italy " ortica " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " tziouknitha " (Forsk.) or " tziknitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the VRTICASILVESTRI 

 called CAN I A described by Pliny xxi. 55 as more virulent with fringed leaves and even the stem 

 stinging : — U. dioica is described by Brunfels, Fuchsius pi. 107, Tragus, Gesner, Turner, Matthioli, 

 Lobel, Thalius, and Bauhin ; is termed " u. urens maxima " by Tournefort inst. 534 ; was observed by 

 Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur about dwellings throughout middle and Northern 

 Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 746, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was 

 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, about dwellings and along roadsides from the Pelo- 

 ponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Hasselquist, and Clot-Bey, in Lower Egypt; is known 

 to occur also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Thunberg here and there in 

 Japan, called " hatji kusa," and sought by bees ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia ; but in Kamtschatka 

 is regarded by Chamisso as exotic and introduced. Farther East, was known to Gmelin before 1743 

 as occurring on the neighbouring continent of America; but at Norfolk Sound was observed by 

 Mertens only around trading establishments, has however an American aspect. By European colo- 

 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste places in our Atlantic States and 

 as far South as Kentucky (Short); to Brazil, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire in the outskirts of towns 

 in the Interior (A. Dec). 



Aristolochia sempcrvircns of the East Mediterranean countries. The PLISTOLOCHIA or 

 fourth kind ofARISTOLOCHIAE known to the Romans, having according to Pliny xxv. 54 numer- 

 ous radical fibrils, and by some termed P LY R R H I Z N (known therefore to the Greeks), — may 

 be compared : A. sempervirens is termed " pistolochia altera" by Clusius hist, ii 260, "a. pistolochia 

 altera" by Tournefort inst. 162 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus 

 to Crete and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Sabbati hort. ii. pi. 82 (Pers.); and is 

 enumerated among the officinal species by Lindley. 



Pintis pinaster oi the West .Mediterranean countries. The PINASTER or PI N V S ■ S Y LV ES- 

 TR I S growing according to Pliny xvi. 17 I NPLAN I S, and MIRA'ALTITVDINE exceedingly lofty, 

 branching from the middle upwards, — is referred here by writers : P. pinaster is termed "p. mari- 

 tima major" by Duhamel (Steud.); is described also in Lam. encycl. v. p. 337, and by Santi, and 

 Lambert ix. pi. 4 and 5 ; is known to grow in Italy as far South as Genoa, also in Southern France 

 and in Spain and Portugal (Tenore, Lenz, and Daub.). The tree according to Lindley yields "Bor- 

 deaux turpentine, which has the property of solidifying with magnesia." 



Luzula maxima of Western Europe. The COAABRETVM described by Pliny xxi. 16 to 77 as 

 resembling the B A C C H A R and employed medicinally, its leaves attenuated into threads, — is referred 

 here by Anguillara 179. L. maxima is termed "j. nemorosus Iatifolius major" by Tournefort inst 

 246, " j. sylvaticus " by Hudson, Curtis, and Smith brit. p. 3N5 ; and is known to grow throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Denmark (Retz fl. dan. 441, Roth germ. i. 157, Wulfen, Yillars, and Pers.). 



Crocus odorus of Italy and Sicily. The C R C VM- S I L V EST R E of Pliny xxi. 17, the best 

 kind but its cultivation hardly succeeding in Italy, — may be compared . C. odorus was observed by 

 Bivona iii. pi. 2 in Sicily, is known to grow wild there, and according to Gussone i. pi. 11 yields 

 saffron (Lindl.). 



Orchis (Habenaria) bifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain but- 

 terfly orc/ii.i {?r\ox), and the OPHRYS herb, according to Pliny xxvi. 93 like D E N T I C V L'ATO- 

 LE R I and having two leaves, — maybe compared: H. bifolia is termed " o. bifolia minor calcari 

 oblongo " by Tournefort inst. 433 ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 235, Vaill. pi. 30, Hall, helv., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of 

 Constantinople. 



Allium wsinum of middle and Western Europe. The allium S I LV E S TR E- Q V D- V R S I 

 NVM-VOCANT-ODORE-MOLLI-CAPITE-PRAETENVI-FOLIIS-GRANDIBVSof Pliny xix. 

 34, — is referred here by Linnaeus; and the " greata crauleac " of an Anglo-Saxon leechdom, is 

 referred here by Cockawie i. p. 377: A. ursinum is described also by Bernhardi ; is a vernal species 

 known to grow in woods and moist grassy situations in Britain, France, and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 

 757, Lam., and Pers ) 



Dactyloclenium mucronatum of Equatorial Africa. Called in Egypt " na'ym el-salyb " or " ri<d 

 el herbayeh " (Del.): the DACTYLON:ALTERO of Pliny xxiv. 119, a prickly grass resembling 

 AIZOO and employed to cure whitlow and maladies around the nails, — may be compared: D. mu- 

 cronatum is termed "granien dactylon oegyptiacum " by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to grow in 

 Barbary (Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp not rare in Greece; by Alpinus, Forskai, and Delile, 

 in Egypt; by Forskal, farther South in Tropical Arabia; and is known to grow along the Atlantic 

 in Equatorial Africa (Benin, fl. nigr. p. 566). Eastward, in the absence of Sanscrit names, one in 

 Hindustanee is given by Roxburgh (A. Dec); D. mucronatum is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 4; 



