OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 513 



was .observed in Hindustan by Rheede xii.pl. 69; by Graham, " a very common grass on pasture 

 grounds ; " by myself, frequent in waste ground around Bombay : farther East, was observed by Ma- 

 son in Burmah, but no native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it continues around dwellings and in cultivated ground in our Southern States as far 

 as Virginia and Illinois (Walt., Mx., A. Gray, and Chapm.). 



Eriophorum polystachium of Northern climates. The wool or Orchomenian flax procured 

 according to Pliny xix. 2 from the panicle DVNTAXAT-PANICVLAof a reed-like plant growing in 

 marshes — is referred here bySprengel: E. polystachium is described by Tragus, and C. Bauhin 

 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Lapland to Switzerland (engl. bot. pi. 563, and Wats.) ; was ob- 

 served by Brotero in Portugal, by Bieberstein on Caucasus, and by Gmelin throughout Siberia. 

 Westward, by Hooker on Iceland; by myself, along the Atlantic as far South as 42°; by A. Gray, 

 in Central New York; by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania; by Chapman, "in the upper districts, 

 Georgia.'' 



Secale cereale of Northeastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Anglo- 

 Saxon " ryge " and in current English rye, in Welsh "rhyg," in Ancient Danish " rugr," in Lithua- 

 nian " ruggei," in Esthonian "rukki," in Russian "rosh," in Polish "rez'," in old high German 

 " roggo " (Prior) and in current German "roggen" (Grieb), in. Celtic "secal" (Reynier) or " segal " 

 (Theis) and in current French "seigle" (Nugent), in Italy "segala" or " segale " (Lenz), in Greece 

 " sikali " or " vriza " (Fraas), in which we recognize the SECALE of Pliny xviii. 39, atTAVRINI 

 Turin under the Alps called ASI AM — (a seeming indication of its origin): S. cereale is a Northern 

 grain, cultivated as far as " Lat. 67 " (A. Dec.). Eastward, occurs along roadsides and in waste 

 ground in Hungary and Transylvania (Sadler, and Baumg.) ; the "vriza" is mentioned by Galen 

 alim. fac. i. 13 as a kind of grain known in Thrace; and S. cereale was observed by Chaubard, and 

 Fraas, under cultivation in Greece. Farther South, is known to occur in Syria; and was observed 

 by Alpinus in Egypt. Farther East, is called in Hindustanee " deogandum " in Bengalee " shasya 

 bishesh " (D'roz.), but has not been met with in Hindustan by European observers. By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Northern 

 States ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed under cultivation by Bojer. 



Setaiia glauca of Tropical and Subtropical Asia. A millet-like species called in Egypt 

 " sana " or " sar afar" mouse-tail (Forsk.), and the M I LI A R I A-H E R B A according to Pliny xxii. 78 

 destroying millet, — may be compared (see Spreng.) : S. glauca is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 190 ; 

 was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Sweden, in cultivated ground and especially after harvest (Schreb. pi. 25, Pers., Beauv., and A. Dec). 

 Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Zante to Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile, 

 from Damietta to Cairo ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan ; is known to occur also on Cey- 

 lon (Linn fl. zeyl). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 

 in waste and cultivated ground extending along roadsides as far as Kentucky (Short), Arkansas 

 (Nutt ), and the Saskatchewan (Hook.). 



Setaria viridis of Tropical and Subtropical Asia ? Also closely allied, and possibly included with 

 the preceding: — described in Johnson's Gerarde 17, observed also by Parkinson, and Ray, in 

 waste ground in Britain (A. Dec); termed "p. vulgare spica simplici et molliori " by Tournefort 

 inst. 515; observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and known to occur with the preceding species 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 852, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 5, and Pers.). 

 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in pastures and cultivated ground around Constantinople ; and 

 by Delile, at Rosetta in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 

 continues " common in cultivated grounds " (A. Gray). 



Ophioglossum Lusitanicum of the Mediterranean countries. The CERATIA of Pliny xxvi. 34 

 having a single leaf, a large nodose root, and used medicinally, — is referred to this genus by Biller- 

 beck : O. Lusitanicum is described by Linnaeus ; is known to grow near Rome, also in Corsica, 

 Tripoli, Algeria, Spain, and as far North as Brest and the outlying Glenan islets (Bory) ; was 

 observed by Link near Lisbon; by Webb, on the Canaries and Madeira; and by Bory, in the 

 Peloponnesus. 



Ophioglossum vv.lgatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain adder's tongue, in Old manu- 

 scripts " nedderis-tonge " or " nedderis gres," in medieval Latin " serpentaria," in Holland " adders- 

 tong" (Prior), in Germany "natter zunglin" (Trag.), in Italy "herba senza costa " (Dod.), and the 

 LINGVA-HERBAor LINGVLACAof Pliny xxiv. 108 and xxv. 84. growing about springs and its 

 root used against baldness, — is referred here by some writers: O. vulgatum from early times em- 

 ployed medicinally, was observed by Tragus i. pi. 106 in Germany ; is described also by Baptista 

 Sardus, and Dodoens pempt. i. 5. 21 ; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe. West- 

 ward, was seen in New England 1669 by Josselyn, who doubted its being indigenous; by J. H. 

 Emerton in 1872, in one locality near Salem (J. Robinson); by Conrad, in the environs of Philadel- 



65 



