514 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



phia ; by A. Gray in Central New York, in " bogs and meadows, not common ; " by Chapman, 

 " Tennessee, and northward ; " and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. O. bulbosum, seen by Walter in 

 South Carolina, by Michaux, and Chapman, from Georgia and Florida to Louisiana, may prove 

 distinct. 



Marchantia polymorpha of Northern climates. Called in Britain liverwort (Prior) : the 

 LICHEN of Pliny xxvi. 10, an herb growing in stony places and having a single broad leaf at the 

 root, one small stem with long pendent leaves, and used against the cutaneous disease bearing the 

 same name, — is referred here by Sprengel and others : M.- polymorpha is described by Brunschwygk 

 ii. ir (Prior); is termed "lichen fontanus major stellatus seque ac umbellatus et cyathophorus " by 

 Dillenias 523 pi. 76; was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constanti- 

 nople ; and is known to grow throughout Europe. Westward, is also frequent in North America 

 (Sullivant, and myself). 



Ramalina fastigiata of Europe and Northern Asia. The BRYON-HERBA-CORALLINA- 

 ET-M VSC VS-I N - A R BO R I BVS of Pliny xxvii. 8 — (Billerb.), maybe compared: R. fastigiata 

 is termed "lichen cinereus latifolius ramosus " by Tournefort inst. 550, "lichenoides coralliforme 

 rostratum et canaliculatum" by Dillenius pi. 23. f. 62; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, on 

 rocks and trees in Greece and on the Greek islands ; and is known to grow throughout Europe 

 (Engl. bot. pi. 890). 



Sticta puhnonacea of Northern climates. Called in Britain tree lungwort (Prior), and the 

 PVLMONARIA-HERBA-LICHEN of Pliny xxvi. 4, —is referred here by Billerbeck, and others: 

 S. puhnonacea is described by Matthioh p. 733 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. arboreus sive pulmonaria 

 arborea" by Tournefort inst. 549; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Dill, 

 pi. 29, Engl. bot. pi. 572, and Achar.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; and is known to grow in Siberia. According to Lindley, besides 

 being "employed in pulmonary affections, its nutritious properties resemble those of Cetraria islan- 

 dica; in Siberia it is used for giving a bitter to beer." 



Evernia prunastri of Northern Europe and Asia.- The LIMVS-AR BORVM called L I C H E N A 

 by the Greeks growing according to Pliny xxiii. 69 on the garden plum tree and employed medicinally 

 against RHAGADIIS and C N D Y LOM AT I S, — maybe compared: E. prunastri is termed "1. 

 cinereus cornua damae referens " by Tournefort inst. 549; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, on 

 the branches of plums and other trees throughout Greece and around Constantinople ; and is known 

 to be frequent also on trees throughout Europe (Ach. syn. 245, and Engl. bot. pi. 859). According 

 to Forskal p. 193, is imported in ship-loads from Greece into Egypt, and mixed in bread : and accord- 

 ing to Lindley, "has a peculiar power of imbibing and retaining odours." 



Agariats integer of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " rossola," and 

 the poisonous mushroom described by Pliny xxii. 46 as D I L V TO - R V B R E, — is'referred here by 

 Lenz: A. integer was observed by him in Italy; is termed "a. emeticus" by Schaeffer i. pi. 15 and 

 16; and is known to grow in middle Europe (Sowerb.pl. 201). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 

 thorp on mount Parnassus and in the environs of Constantinople. 



Agariats alutaceus of Europe. The kind of F V N G R VM commended as safest by Pliny xxii. 

 47, Ml N VS-DI LVTO-RV BORE. — is referred here by Lenz: A. alutaceus was observed by him 

 in Italy, where it is called "rossola buona di gambo lungo " or "rossola mezzara" or at Verona 

 "fungo rossetto." 



Conferva rivularis of Northern climates. Called in North Italy " lino acquatico " or " conferva " 

 (Lenz), in which we recognize the CONFERVA according to Pliny xxvii 45 mostly peculiar to the 

 rivers of the Alps, and in an instance under his own observation employed successfully, wound 

 around the body and kept moist, to cure fractured bones : — C. rivularis is termed "c. fl'uviatilis 

 sericea vulgaris et fiuitans" by Dillenius xii. pi. 2; was observed in Greece by Sibthorp; and 

 is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Dillw. pi. 39 and EnM bot 

 pi. 1654). & 



Amyris heptaphylla of Eastern Hindustan. A shrub called in the environs of Bombay "karun- 

 phul" (Graham); in which we recognize the GARYOPHYLLONof Pliny xii. 15, produced in India 

 and resembling grains of pepper, but larger and more fragile and imported for the sake of their 

 odour: — A. heptaphylla was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Colebrooke (linn, trans, 

 xv. p. 365) ; by Graham, in a garden at Bombay, '• probably introduced from Bengal," the " leaves 

 when bruised have the fragrance of fresh anise seed." 



Calamus draco of the Malayan archipelago. Ascertained by Royle to yield the best " d'jurnan^ '' 

 or dragon's blood: theSANIEM-DRACONIS used according to Pliny xxxiii. 38 as a pigment and 

 also medicinally, but sometimes confounded with and called' C I N N A B A R I a decided poison '— is 

 referred here by writers : " kinnabari inthikon" is mentioned in the Erythraean periplus, and as the 

 product of trees on Socotra ; and the resinous astringent substance called dragon's blood is men- 



