OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 515 



tioned also by Paulus Aegineta, Constantinus, and Arab medical writers (Royle fibr. ind.). C. draco 

 was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 58 in the Malayan archipelago; and the red ralan of Burmah called 

 "kyeing-nee," producing according to Mason v. 4S5 "a red exudation like dragon's blood," is regarded 

 by him as probably identical. (See Dracaena draco). 



Borassus flabelliformis of Tropical Eastern Asia. The fan palm is called in Hindustan " tarh " 

 or "tar" (Graham, and Royle fibr.), and the TAR VM brought according to Pliny xii. 44 by the 

 Nabathean Arabs, — may be compared with the sweet and edible juice of its fruit; inspissated into 

 solid plates after the manner of bdellium, at least on the Moluccas (Herbertus de Jager, Rumph. i. 

 pi. 10, and Spreng.) : the "taur " is mentioned in the Mahabharat conclud. sect (D. Price in Orient, 

 transl. lond.) : B. flabelliformis was observed in Hindustan by Rheede i. pi. 9, and Roxburgh cor. 

 i. pi. 71; by Graham, overshading cottages "in elevated and hilly situations;" by myself, under 

 cultivation ; and according to Royle fibr., yields toddy, its young seeds are eaten, its leaves are made 

 into fans called "vissaries," and are almost universally used for writing on with an iron style. 

 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. p. 425 and 522 "exotic" in Burmah and called "htan," 

 more "generally diffused than any other " palm, and by an exception "the orders that are issued 

 from the Burmese courts are written on " its leaves ; was observed by myself aboriginally introduced 

 and cultivated and made into fans on the Feejean, Tongan, and Samoan Islands. 



"78, midsummer" (Tacit., and Clint.), Julius Frontinus succeeded by Agricola, as Roman 

 governor in Britain. 



"The same year" (Elphinst. iii. 3 and iv.. 2), the Salivahana era; named after the Hindu king 

 reigning at Paitan on the Godaveri, — and continuing in use in the surrounding district " the Deccan" 

 (compare also the Prome era). 



"The division of India into four empires happened in the first century A. D." — (Wilford as. 

 res. ix. p. 182). 



Dowlutabad (not far from Paitan) may have been the real attraction : that the rocky sides of 

 this mountain were already cut away to a perpendicular wall all around, — may be inferred from the 

 name "Tagara" in the periplus of the Erythraean Sea, corresponding as remarked by writers with 

 Deogiri or Dowlutabad (see Elphinstone). Dowlutabad was visited by Ebn Batuta. 



Of the neighbouring cave-temples at Ellora, some may have been already constructed. The 

 series is Braminical, distinguished by many-handed and many-headed personages and other evidence 

 of Polytheism : including as if by an attempt at union a few cave-temples of the Budhist pattern,* 

 devoid however of signs of acknowledgment by Budhists and of inscriptions in the " cave character." 

 — The Kailas temple hewn there out of the solid rock, the "splendid masterpiece of Brahminrsm " 

 (according to Lubke and Ltttrow) "is said to have been excavated and built during the earliest half 

 of the ninth century." 



"79 A. D." (Mason iii. 38), the Prome era: — used by the Burmese "about seven hundred 

 years " (compare Salivahana era). 



" June 23d " (Sueton., and Clint.), Vespasian succeeded by his son Titus, tenth Roman emperor. 

 The hieroglyphic ovals of Titus occur on temples at Esneh and in the Oasis of Dakkeh ; and his 

 name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his reign. 



" In the summer " (Tacit., and Clint), Second campaign of Agricola in Britain. 



"Aug. 24th" (Plin. Secund. vi. 16, Sueton., Dio, and Clint), eruption of Vesuvius, overwhelm- 

 ing the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. (A striking chronological landmark ; the brief reign of 

 Titus, leaving slight room for error in date ; the attendant death of Pliny, limiting his Encyclopedic 

 summary of the state of human knowledge ; while coeval illustration of the whole condition of 

 society is accessible in the vast variety of objects disinterred. Seeds and fruits are included, 

 which have been deposited in the museum of Naples, but 1 have not met with any published account 

 of them). 



Among the surgical instruments: the catheter — is figured by Vulpes pi. 3; relief afforded by 

 using the catheter, is expressly mentioned by Aretaeus acut. ii. 9 (Cockayne) : 



An instrument for tying arteries, — very similar to the forceps used by the French surgeon who 

 towards the end of the Sixteenth century revived the art (Vulp.) : the practice of tying arteries during 

 surgical operations, is mentioned by Archigenes (Cockayne). 



* Ficiis tsiela of Hindustan. A species differing from the Banian tree in the fruit having no 

 involucre, figured in the cave-temples at Ellora, — as observed by myself; also seen near Ahmed- 

 nugger, growing around and overshadowing a temple of Krishna, evidently planted and regarded as 

 sacred. F. tsiela was observed in Hindustan by Rheede iii. pi. 63, and Roxburgh ; is described by 

 Graham as " a large tree " called " datira," growing " on the Ghauts," and one " near Kennery caves ; " 

 and was observed by Rumphius iii. pi. 89. 



