516 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



VIII. THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD. 



Two Heathen cities thus by extraordinary means have been preserved, and from about the latest 

 moment possible : there are no traces of Christian relics, but perhaps at this very time Josephus was 

 announcing the continued existence of the new religion. 



Anastaticd Hierochuntica of the North African and Syrian Desert. The BAAPAC herb 

 described by Josephus bell. jud. vii. 23 as running away from him who tries to gather it, — may be 

 compared : A. Hierochuntica being easily uprooted, and contracting in the form of a ball, is said to be 

 sometimes driven by the wind over the sands of the Desert ; in this state also, is imported as a curi- 

 osity under the name rose of Jericho. In Egypt, A. Hierochuntica is called " kaf maryam " (Mary's 

 hand) ; in which we recognize the " kaff marjam" identified by Ebn Baitar with the " schadscharat 

 elkaff " of S. E. Hasan (Ebn Joljol) : the plant was seen by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in the Desert 

 of Lower and Middle Egypt; and according to Forskal p. 117, in the dry contracted state is used 

 superstitiously in parturition, facility being prognosticated according to quickness in unfolding when 

 moistened. Farther West, A. Hierochuntica is known to grow in Barbary (Pers). As transported 

 to Europe, is described by Euricius Cordus, Valerius Cordus (Spreng.), Jacquin hort. pi. 58, and 

 Lamarck ill. pi. 555 ; and by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was 

 seen under cultivation by Bojer. 



"80 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), at Rome, the Great amphitheatre or the " Colosseum " 

 completed and dedicated by Titus. Baths also built by him. 



"The same year" (Tacit., and Clint.), in Britain, Third campaign of Agricola ; making known 

 " new " tribes and nations. — Solinus' account of Britain, not earlier therefore than this date. 



"81, Sept. 13th" (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), Titus succeeded by his brother Domitian, eleventh 

 Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Domitian occur on temples at Philae, Esneh, and Den- 

 dera, on a propylon at Thebes, and on obelisks (now in Rome and at Benevento in Italy) : and his 

 name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his reign. 



Tamarindus Indicus of Tropical Africa and Arabia. The tamarind tree is called in Tagalo 

 Pampango and Camarines " sampaloc " or " macasampaloc," in Bisaya " sampaloc '' or " sambac " or 

 " sumalagui " or " sampalagui " or " camalagui " (Blanco), in Burmah "mag-gee" (Mason), in Ben- 

 galee " tentool " or " tintil " or " tintiree," in Sanscrit " tintiree " or " tintri," in Hindustanee " amli " 

 or " umli," in Telinga " chinta-chittoo " (Lindl.), in Tamil "poolie,"in Malabar " balam poolie," in 

 Canara " hoonise " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " umlee " (Graham), in Yemen "homar" 

 (Forsk.), on Madagascar " monte " (Flac.) or " voua-matouri " (Boj.), in Equatorial Africa "loo- 

 quajoo" (Grant) ; a hieroglyphic character ^ (Leps. ausw. 14, Buns, and Birch) resembling a three- 

 jointed pod, may be compared with the Egyptian " phoinianko," — translated " dactyli Indici " by 

 Edwards : the " oxuphoinikon " is mentioned by Porphyrius, Oribasius, Nicolaus Myreps. i. 24, 

 Actuarius, and Maximus Planudes ; tamarinds by Mohammed kor. xxxiv. 15; the " tamr Hindi" 

 by Abu Hanifa, A. Hassam, and Ebn Baitar; and " tamarendi " were seen by Marco Polo 184 in 

 ''Gozurat:" T. Indicus'was seen by Belon, Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultiva- 

 tion in Egypt; by Forskal, everywhere wild among the mountains of Yemen ; by Bruce, and Salt, on 

 the Taranta Mountains of Abyssinia (Grev.) ; by Cailliaud iv. 323, quantities of the pods brought 

 by the Darfour caravans ; by Grant, growing in Equatorial Africa from "6° 46' S. Rumuma to 4 N." 

 on the Nile ; by Flacourt, and Bojer, long known on Madagascar. Eastward, by Rheede i. pi. 23 in 

 Malabar; by Graham, "common about villages" in the Bombay district ; by myself to the end of 

 my journey in the Deccan, frequent, but only planted and naturalized ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, 

 and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Bengal ; by Mason v. 457, in Tenasserim and Pegu, " exotic " and 

 cultivated extensively by the natives for its leaves and fruit ; by Blanco, well known on the Philip- 

 pines ; is described also by Rumphius ii. pi. 23. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 

 Islands (Boj.); and to Tropical America (Jacq. am. pi. 13). 



Anthemis nobilis of Western Europe. Called in Britain chamomile, in France " camomille " 

 (Nugent), at Smyrna "hamomilla" (Forsk.); and its flower seems to form a hieroglyphic charac- 

 ter s||. : powdered "hamomilla" flowers mixed with oil were applied as a medicinal ointment 

 by Nechepson the Egyptian— (Aet., and Ruel iii. 68): the " hamaimelon " called by Archi- 



genes "anthemitha" is mentioned as good for the headache by Galen comp. med. ii. 2: the 

 "anthemision " of Alexander Trallianus viii. 2. 20, may also be compared ; " A. chamomilla " having 

 a paleaceous receptacle was observed by Forskal at Smyrna ; the " babunaj " is mentioned by Ebn 

 Baitar; dried flowers of A. nobilis were found by Alpinus employed medicinally in Egypt; and the 

 living plant according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward, the " anthemin " is iden- 

 tified by Macer Floridus 14 with our " chamaemelum " or " chamomillam : " A. nobilis is described 

 by Lobel obs. 455 (Spreng.), and Blackwell pi. 526 ; and is known to grow. wild in France and middle 



