520 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT' 



"109 A. D."(= 114 — "6th year of reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), in Ceylon, death of queen 

 Seehewallie, and escape from bondage of her successor king Ellowena. 



" 112 A. D."(= 109 + "3 years" in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena, returning "with great 

 forces" from "the coast Malaya," recovered his kingdom of Ceylon. 



"113 A. D." (Dio, and Clint. j, in Rome, Trajan's column erected. —To the present day, remaining 

 almost entirely uninjured. 



" In the reign of Trajan " fSuid.), Rufus Ephesius writing. He quotes Zeuxis, Dioscorides, and 

 Posidonius the physician, divides the nerves into two classes, those of sensibility and those of motion, 

 — and is himself quoted bv Galen (Greenhill in Sm. b. d.). 



Spergularia rubra of Northern climates. Called in Greece " medegonon " (Sibth.) : the " mouron 

 rouge " first mentioned by Rufus Ephesius as a remedy in hydrophobia — (Spreng. hist. med. ii. p. 48) : 

 S. rubra was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constanti- 

 nople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and throughout Siberia as far as lake Baikal (Ledeb.). 

 Farther South, was observed by Delile in Lower Egypt as far as Cairo ; by myself, in Upper Egypt ; 

 is known to occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.). Westward, is termed " alsine spergulae facie minor" 

 by Tournefort inst. 244 ; was observed by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; and is known to 

 grow in middle and Northern Europe as far as Archangel (Engl. bot. pi. 852, Wahl., and A. Dec ). 

 Farther West, is known to grow on the Azores (Wats.) ; in Northeast America, seems most abundant 

 within a few miles of the sea, in roadways and waste ground often by human means transported from 

 place to place, and I have met with it more than forty miles inland ; is known to occur also on the 

 Western coast of America at Sitcha (Ledeb.). 



Spergularia media, erect and larger in all its parts, but regarded as probably not distinct. Clearly 

 indigenous in salt marshes along our Atlantic coast as observed by myself from Lat. 43° to 38 ; ob- 

 served by Elliot in "brackish marshes " in South Carolina ; and by Chapman, in Florida. Eastward, 

 is termed "alsine spergulae facie media" by Tournefort inst. 244, " ar. maritima" by Linnaeus lap. 

 (Steud.) ; is known to grow on the European seashore from Sweden to- Portugal and Italy (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 740, Wats., Brot, and Savi) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the shore of the 

 Peloponnesus ; by Granger, and Olivier, on the Mediterranean shore of Egvpt (Del.); and by Bieber- 

 stein, in Tauria. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to occur at Valparaiso in Chili, and on the 

 island of Juan Fernandez (C Gay, and Hook.). 



Ervum monanthos of the Mediterranean countries. An annual weed : the * A K06 I A£C pre- 

 scribed by Rufus Ephesius — may be compared : E. monanthos was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated 

 ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is termed "vicia sylvestris cum lentis siliqua" 

 by Bauhin hist. ii. 316, "lens monanthos " by Tournefort inst. 390 ; is known to grow in various parts 

 of Southern Europe (Pers.) ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. 165 in Barbary ; but is not known to 

 be employed medicinally. 



1 14 A. D. (= 116 — " 3d year of his reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena succeeded by his 

 son Sandigamonal, now king of Ceylon. 



" In this year" (Dio, and Clint.), departure of Trajan on his Eastern expedition. 



The practice of sheathing ships well known. Trajan's galley being covered with a sheet of lead 

 fastened on with little copper nails : — as ascertained after " more than thirteen hundred years " when 

 it was raised from the bottom of the Lake of Riccia (Alberti arch. v. 12, in Churchill coll.). 



"115 A. D." (Act. martyr., and Clint.), Ignatius a disciple of the evangelist John, brought before 

 Trajan at Antioch at the time of a severe caithquake there ; and in accordance with his own request, 

 sent to Rome to perish by wild beasts in the amphitheatre. 



"The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), sedition of the Jews in Egypt and Cyrene. —After con- 

 tinuing two years, suppressed by Trajan. 



Fresh oysters, " ostrea," preserved by Apicius after a method of his own, sent by him to Trajan 

 in Parthia, many days distant from the sea (Allien, i. p. 7, and Suid.). 



Pcuecdaiium palustre of Northern and middle Europe. Called in Britain milky parsley (Prior), 

 in Germany "olsenich" (Dod.) ; and the SI L-MONTANVM of Apicius — may be compared: rem- 

 nants of P. palustre have been found in the lake-villages of Switzerland (Heer) : the plant is described 

 by Dodoens, and Bauhin hist. ; is termed "selinum palustre" by Linnaeus, " s. lactescens " by Lamarck 

 fl. fr. ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 257, and Crantz 

 austr. 170), its root used for ginger by the Russians, and " a famous remedy in Courland in epilepsy " 

 (Rust, and Lindl.). r 1 J 



Calamintha nepeta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The NEPETA-MONTANA 

 used in cookery by Apicius — is referred here by Dierbach, and others: C. nepeta is described by 

 Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. pulegii odore sive nepeta" by Tournefort inst. 194 ; was observed 

 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as 

 Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 40, and Wats.'). Eastward, was observed by 



