OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 527 



" 135 A. D." (Euseb., Clint, and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Jewish war brought to a close ; and all 

 obstacles to the original design of Hadrian removed. Jerusalem was now made the site of an exclu- 

 sive Roman colony, the Jews being prohibited from residing there or in the vicinity. From this edict, 

 the "final dispersion of the Jews" is often dated ; it having exerted a powerful influence on their 

 destiny. 



Until the siege of Jerusalem by Hadrian, its bishops had all been circumcised ; Judas being the 

 "fifteenth." , 



"The same year " (Dio, and Clint), the historian Arrianus governor of Cappadocia. 



Cape Comori in Hindustan named according to Arrianus from a temple dedicated to a goddess 



— (" Kumari, a name of Parvati or Uma, the virgin bride of Siva," H. H. Wils. note to the 

 Mrich. vi.). 



136 A. D. ("in the twentieth year of Hadrian and two thousand one hundred and fifty third ann. 

 Abr.," Euseb.), the first Gentile bishop at Jerusalem, Marcus. 



"The same year" (Franz 126), a Greek inscription relating to Sabina wife of Hadrian, pre- 

 senting the following form of the letter A. 



" In the reign of Hadrianus " (Sm. b. d.), Claudius Aelianus, Italian by birth, teaching rhetoric 

 at Rome. He wrote in the Greek language, especially admired Herodes Atticus, and mentions visit- 

 ing Alexandria in Egypt (anim. xi. 11 and 40). 



The .... of Aelianus — ■ is referred by Cuvier to the yak or mountain bullock of Thibet, Bos 

 grunniens : the Indian " agriavous " furnishing the " toupha " ornament on the banner of military 

 prefects, is mentioned by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 335 ; the yak is also mentioned by Rubruquis 

 (Voyag. Belg.), and Marco Polo 72 ; and Nicolo Conti in Ava heard of "long-haired cattle " in the 

 country beyond " towards Cathay." 



Conferva? rupestris of the European and Mediterranean coasts. The TPIXEC seaweed of 

 Aelianus xiii — (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. 19), may be compared: C. rupestris is termed "c. marina tri- 

 chodes ramosior " by Dillenius muse, xxviii. pi. 5. f. 29; was observed by Sibthorp in the Propontis 

 and among the Greek islands ; and is known to grow in the Atlantic as far as Britain (Dillwyn pi. 

 23, and En^l. bot. pi. 1699). 



137 A. D. (= 143 — "6 years reign " in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Gayabahoo succeeded by Mahalo- 

 mana, now king of Ceylon. 



" 138, before July 20th" (Ptol. can., and Clint.), Hadrian succeeded by Antoninus Pius, fifteenth 

 Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Antoninus Pius occur in the Oasis El-Kargeh, and at 

 Medamot, Dakleh, Philae, Esneh, Medinet-Abu, and Dendera (Glid. analect). His name occurs also 

 in Greek inscriptions in Egypt. 



" 139, Sept. 26th" = "ninth of Athyr" (Ptol. meg. synt., and Clint.), the Autumnal equinox 

 observed at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy. 



" 140 A. D." (Euseb., Hieronym., and Clint), Hyginus being bishop in Rome, arrival there of 

 Cerdo preceptor of Marcion, and of Valentinus the Gnostic. Valentinus had known and conversed 

 with one of Paul's disciples. 



"March 22d " = " seventh of Pachon" (Ptol. meg. synt, and Clint.), the Vernal equinox observed 

 at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy. 



Deflection or refraction of the rays of light, giving a false position to the stars, mentioned by 

 Claudius Ptolemy opt. v. (The treatise is extant in an Arabic version by Sahl et Thaberi ; see also 

 Roger Bacon spec. math. p. 37, and Steinschneid. ii. 21). —The phenomenon of refraction, is also 

 mentioned by Alhazen. 



The "krupton limSna" on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy, 



— is referred by C. Muller (geogr. min. p. lxxii) to the port of Muscat. To the appropriateness of 

 the name " concealed harbour," in approaching from the sea, I can myself bear witness. 



The Z I T T I C promontory of East Africa, described by Claudius Ptolemy i. 17 and iv. 7 as con- 

 spicuous from its forked head and its elevation above a level shore of nearly four hundred miles, — 

 may be compared with mount Kilmungaro, situated some four degrees South of the Equator, and visi- 

 ble from the sea, as witnessed by myself. Cosmas Indicopleustes i. p. 132 on his voyage to the Per- 

 sian Gulf went nearly as far as " Varvarian" (Berbera), "beyond which Ziggion is situated, this name 

 being given to the mouth of the ocean." 



The country South of the Equator, known to Claudius Ptolemy i. 7 to 12, iv. 8 and vii. 5, as 

 ATACYMBA, — may be compared with Kissimbany on the island of Zanzibar. 



"Baithana" on the Godaveri (Ptol. geogr., and Wilford as. res. ix. p. 199), or Paitan, the 

 metropolis of king " Siri-Polemaios " or Sri-Pulimana. 



143 A. D. (= 127 " 24 years reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi), Mahalo-mana succeeded by his 



son Bhatia-tissa, now king of Ceylon. 



