OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 531 



Lobel adv. p. 102 ; is termed "3. scandens seu dulcamara" by Tournefort inst. 149 ; and is known to 

 grow in moist situations in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fi. Dan. pi. 365, 

 Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America (later perhaps than 

 1670, for it is not mentioned by Josselyn), has become completely naturalized, occurring not only 

 along roadsides but in wild marshy situations, and as far inland as Kentucky where it was observed 

 by Short. The root and young branches according to Smith, and Lindley, "have been recommended 

 in scrophulous or glandular obstructions." 



" 172 A. D." (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Gafale succeeded by Za- 

 Bsesiserk, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "four" years. 



"173 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), the "pseudo-prophecy termed Cataphrygas " originated by 

 Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla, the beginning of the Montanist sect. Also about this time, the 

 Encratite sect founded by Tatianus ; another heretical sect, by Bardesanes the Syrian ; and splendid 

 buildings erected in 'Greece by Herodes Atticus. 



174 A. D. == " 14th year of Aurelius Antoninus," in an inscription at Shekh Abadeh in Egypt 

 (Glid. analect.). 



" The same year " (Clint.), in Germany, during the battle of the Romans with the Ouadi, 

 remarkable rain, regarded as miraculous (mentioned by Dio, Capitolinus, Claudian, Themistius, and 

 by the Christian writers Apollinaris of Hierapolis, Tertullian, Eusebius, Orosius, Gregorius of Nyssa, 

 and Xiphilinus). 



This defeat of the Quadi seems the latest historical event mentioned by Pausanias (Sm. biogr. 

 diet.). 



The Celtic name for horse is given by Pausanias asMAPKAN: — hence the Welsh or British 

 " march," Danish " mar," Low German " mare," Anglo-Saxon " myre " or " mere " or " maere," and 

 current English mare (Prior). 



Ranunculus aquatilis of Northern climates. Called in Britain water crowfoot (Prior), and the 

 BATPAXIA:TA:€N:TAIC:AlMNAIC of Pausanias ix. 21. 1, — may be compared : R. aqua- 

 tilis was observed in Greece by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas : and farther South, is known to 

 grow in Abyssinia (Rich.). Westward, occurs in relics in the debris of lake-villages in Switzerland 

 (Heer) ; is termed " r. aquaticus folio rotundo et capillaceo " by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known 

 to grow in Sicily, Sardinia, Algeria, the Canary Islands (Guss., Moris, Desf., Munby, and Webb), 

 and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and A. Dec), 

 Eastward from Greece, is known to grow about Caucasus and throughout Siberia (Bieb., and GmeL), 

 also on Unalaschka (Chem.), in Oregon and California (Torr. and Gr., and Beechey voy.), from near 

 the Arctic Sea throughout Canada to Lat. 38 on the Mississippi and along the Athntic (Hook., Beck, 

 and Conr.), and farther South among the Alleghanies (Chapm.). 



" 175 A. D." (Dio, a-nd Clint.), in Syria, revolt of Avidius Cassius ; who, after "three months 

 and six days," was put to death. Aurelius Antoninus and his son Commodus now proceeded to 

 Egypt, as far at least as Alexandria ; — and in the following spring, to Antioch and Smyrna. 



The Peschito Syriac translation of the New Testament in the "second century," does not con- 

 tain the " Second Epistle of Peter, the Second and Third of John, that of Jude," nor "the Apoca- 

 lypse. Nor are these books received to this day by either Jacobite or Nestorian Christians." — John 

 the Elder (according to Eusebius Pamphilus eccles. hist.) had a separate monument at Ephesus from 

 John the Evangelist. — The Vatican and Medicean manuscripts of the above translation were "writ- 

 ten in the years 548 and 5S6 ; " the beautiful one in the Estrangelo character, now in the British 

 museum, was finished in 768 at the monastery of Bethkoki (W. Wright in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 



"176 A. D." (Clint.), the " Onomastikon" Greek lexicon of Julius Pollux published and dedi- 

 cated to the youthful Commodus. 



"In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Baesiserk succeeded by 

 Za-Elasguaga, now king of Abyssinia. —He reigned "seventy-six" years. 



" 177 A. D." (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), "beyond the Alps," Christians for the first time perse- 

 cuted, and Pothinus bishop of Lugdunum (Lyons) and a disciple of Polycarp, put to death. He 

 was succeded by Irenaeus, a disciple of Papias. At this time, there was also a church not far from 

 Lugdunum at "Vienne" (epist. eccl. Lugd. et Vienn., in Euseb.). 



" 178 A. D." (Beda, and Clint.), Eleutherus in Rome having received the application of Lucius 

 kino- of South Britain to be made a Christian, missionaries sent there. The fact has been ascer- 

 tained, that the missionaries taught in Britain the Oriental or original mode of observing Easter. 



" In this year (= 1st of the kouang-ho," hist. Sian-pi, and San-kokf transl. Klapr.), Thsieou- 

 thsiuan (in the Chinese province of Kan-sou) invaded by the Ainos under their first king Than-chy- 

 houai, following in winter the river Thsin-choui. 



" 180, March" (Dio, and Clint.), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus succeeded by his son Commodus, 

 seventeenth Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Commodus occur at Phils, Esneh, and on 

 a small temple at Contra- Latopolis. 



