OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



537 



Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devaban reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



The Saddharma pundarika, lotos of the law of good men, written as early perhaps as this date. 

 Siva is mentioned, and king Virudhaka — (Burn. ii. 240 and 258). It was first translated into Chinese 

 " in 280 A. D. : " a second translation was made between " 397 and 402," and a third between " 601 

 and 605 " (Stan-Jul., and Burn. i. 9). 



Jasminum {Mogoiium) sambac of Tropical Hindustan. The Arabian jasmine is called in Egypt 

 "fell" (Del.), in Yemen "full" or "fyll" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "malli" or " mallica " (W. Jones), in 

 Bengalee "but-moogra" or the double variety " bela," in Tamil "kody-mulli," in Telinga "boondoo- 

 mallie" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " bhutt mogra" (Graham), in Burmah "ma-lee" or 

 "sa-bay" (Mason), in Malay "kambang malatti" malatti flower (Thunb.), in Bisaya " manul " or 

 " capopot bisaya," in Pampango " campopot " or " culatai " or " sampagang pongso," in Tagalo " sam- 

 paga" (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the "mallika" of the Saddharma pundarika* — (Burn. ii. 2r8 

 to 415), forming bowers according to Valmiki ram. i. 25, cultivated in gardens according to the Mrich- 

 chhakati iv., having fragrant flowers and growing in the woods according to Kalidasa rhag. xvi. 47, 

 and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas (Hessl.) : M. sambac is described by Rumphius v. pi. 30; 

 was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 50 to 55 in Malabar, its flowers sacred to Vishnu; by Graham, "com- 

 mon in every garden" around Bombay; by Drury, "common in every forest in the peninsula" and 

 "generally cultivated in gardens," its leaves root and flowers employed medicinally; by Burmann pi. 

 58, on Ceylon ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 245. " wild in the forests " of Bengal ; by Mason, "exotic " in 

 Burmah ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, known to all the natives of the Philippines; by Thun- 

 berg, in the Malayan archipelago, and from the warmer portion of India introduced into the gardens 

 of Southern Japan. Westward, the "full" is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Rhazes, Avicenna, 

 Serapion, and as an Indian medicine by Ebn Baitar : M. sambac was observed by Forskal under cul- 

 tivation in Yemen ; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; is described by Parkinson pi. . , 

 and from having been brought from Goa to Pisa is sometimes called Tuscan jasmine (Graham). By 

 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 



One hundred and thirty-sixth generation. May 1st, 234, onward mostly beyond youth : Scythia- 

 nus : the Greek historians, Asinius Quadratus, and Callinicus ; the grammarian Lupercus of Berytus; 

 the rhetors, Nicagoras, Minucianus, Paulus, .... Andromachus of Syria, Dioplianes, and Philos- 

 tratus the younger; the Christian Greek writers, Tryphon, and Gregorius Thaumaturgus : the Latin 

 writer Censorinus ; the Christian Latin writer Pontius. 



"235, Feb. loth" (Clint.), Alexander Severus succeeded by Maximinus, twenty-fifth Roman 

 emperor. The name of Maximinus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



" 236 A. D." (lib. pontif. Damas., and Clint.), after serving " one month and ten days," Anteros 

 succeeded by Fabianus, eighteenth bishop of Rome. 



"237 A. D., probably in or about" (Sm. b. d.), Philostratus writing his Lives of the sophists. — 

 The work however is continued until the reign of Philippus A. D. 244-9. 



Sedum eriocarpum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " amaranto " (Sibth.), and 

 the A MA PA N TOC of Philostratus — may be compared : S eriocarpum was observed by Sibthorp 

 pi. 449, and Bory, in arid situations in the Peloponnesus. " S. pallidum" received from the Tauro- 

 Caspian countries by Pallas, and Bieberstein (Steud.), is regarded by Bory as not distinct; " Cras- 

 sula rubens," observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Magnol pi. 237 at Montpellier, and 

 known to grow as far as Germany (Hoffm. fl. Germ, and Pers.), is also considered identical by 

 Bory. 



Sedum confcrtum of middle Asia ? — Called in Egypt " hay a'lem " (Del.) ; and possibly the 

 "amaranton " recommended in Geopon. iii. 6 to be placed in gardens : S. confertum was observed by 

 Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and is not known to occur elsewhere. 



* Jasminum revolutum of Subtropical Hindustan. From early times, an essential oil distilled 

 from it and used as a perfume, and its root employed medicinally in ringworm : the fragrant oil of the 

 "navamalika" or "vanamalika" mentioned in the Saddharma pundarika — (Burn. ii. 250 to 424) may 

 be compared : J. revolutum was observed by Powell in the Punjaub (Drur.). Transported to Europe, 

 is described by Sims (Steud ). 



Phrvnium capitatum of Tropical Eastern Asia. A Scitamineous plant called in the environs of 

 Bombay" kudali " (Graham) ; and the " kadali " having an unsubstantial stem according to the Sadd- 

 harma pundarika — (Burn. ii. 241 and 420), may be compared: P. capitatum was observed by 

 Rheede xi. pi. 34 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay. Farther East, by Loureiro in 

 moist shady places in Anam and Tropical China, its leaves wrapped around articles of food previous 

 to boiling to impart colour and grateful flavour (Pers., and Graham). 



