OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



539 



from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Cyprus and the Dardanelles ; by Hasselquist, at Damietta in 

 Egypt ; and is known to grow in Persia (Lindl.). Westward, said to have been sent from " India " to 

 the German emperor Frederick (Trag.) : is described by Fuchsius p. 121, Gesner hort. f. 249, and 

 Dalechamp 1450 (Spreng.) ; is termed " cnicus sylvestris hirsutior sive carduus benedictus " by 

 Tournefort inst. 450 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other parts 

 of Southern Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it has been found along " roadsides, scarcely naturalized " (A. Gray) ; and to Chili 

 (Lindl.). The plant according to Lindley was "once much used as a febrifuge." 



"250 A. D." (Dionys. Alex., Greg. Tur., and Clint), severe persecution against Christians. 

 Fabianus bishop of Rome put to death, and succeeded by Cornelius ; Babylas twelfth bishop of Anti- 

 och put to death, and succeeded by Fabius (Euseb., and Clint, iv. p 269 to 287) ; and Alexander 

 bishop of Jerusalem also put to death. Seven "ordained bishops" sent as missionaries into Gaul: 

 Gatianus to " Turonicis '.' (Tours), Trophimus to " Aretalensibus " (. . . .), Paulus bishop of 

 " Narbonae," Saturninus bishop of "Tolosas," Dionysius to " Parisiacis," Stremonius to " Arvernis," 

 and Martialis to " Lemovicinis " (Limoux?). 



" The same year " (Alst. p. 399), retirement into the Egyptian Desert of Paulus of Thebes; 

 regarded as the first hermit. — His example was followed some forty years later by Antonius, after- 

 wards by others, and eventually led to monachism. 



" 251 A. D." (Pont., and Clint.), the schism of Novatian ; his ordination at Rome outside of the 

 church; by Novatus a presbyter of Cyprianus. 



" Before the close of the year " (Clint.), Decius succeeded by Trebonianus Gallus, thirtieth 

 Roman emperor. The name of Trebonianus Gallus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



"252, Sept. 14th'' (Hieronym., and Clint.), Cornelius nineteenth bishop of Rome put to death. 

 Lucius is next in order (on the Lists of Alsted and Nicolas). 



" The same year " (Hieronym., and Clint.), a great pestilence throughout the Roman empire; 

 especially severe in Egypt and Alexandria. — The pestilence continued "fifteen years." 



" In this year " (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Elasguaga succeeded by 

 El-Herka, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " twenty-one " years. 



"253 A. D." (Porphyr., and Clint.), Plotinus founder of the Neo-PIatonist school of philosophy, 

 beginning to write. Amelius of Tuscany, and Origen the younger, among his disciples. 



"The same year" (Nicol.), a. synod at Carthage, under Cyprianus. On the baptism of heretics, 

 and declaring that infants may be baptized. 



In this year (= 543 B. C. — " 795 yrs " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi), the revived Vytullya-wada 

 books burned by king Ghota-abaya, and the brahminical priests, sixty in number banished from 

 Ceylon. 



" 254, about February " (Clint.), Trebonianus Gallus and his son and colleague Volusianus, put 

 to death; and the accession of Aemilianus, thirty-first Roman emperor. Who reigned "three 

 months " only ; but his name occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



"The same year = 1st year of Koung-tcheng, a descendant of Tsao-tsao " or Thao-thsao — 

 (Chinese chron. table). 



"May" (Clint.), Aemilianus succeeded by Valerianus, thirty-second Roman emperor. The 

 name of Valerianus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



About this time (Vopisc. 7), the Franci from Germany wandering over Gaul ; and a body of 

 them defeated at Moguntiacum (Mayence on the Rhine) by Aurelianus, " tribune of the sixth Gallic 

 legion." 



Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Upadeva reigning in 

 Hindustan. 



"256 A. D." (Eutrop., Oros., and Clint.), irruption of the "Franci" or " Germani ulteriores " 

 through Gaul into Spain. Dacia beyond the Danube, lost to the Romans. And Pannonia ravaged 

 by the Sarmati and Quadi. 



"257 A. D." (Vopisc., Eutrop., and Clint.), the Goths after ravaging Pontus in Asia, Macedonia, 

 and Greece, repelled by the Roman general Aurelianus. 



" The same year " (Euseb., Hieronym., and Clint.), letter from Dionysius to Xystus "successor 

 to Stephanus " and now twenty-second bishop of Rome. 



"258 A. D." (Clint.), Xystus bishop of Rome, and Cyprianus, put to death. 



"The same year" (Vict., Eutrop., and Clint.), Postumus, of obscure origin, having established 

 himself over the Gauls as king, claiming the Empire and issuing coins. — He governed Gaul with 

 great firmness and moderation " ten " years. 



"The same year" (Zosim., and Clint.), after the arrival of Valerianus at Antioch, the populous 

 city of Trapezus (Trebizond) captured by the Scythian Borani, a Gothic tribe. — In the following 

 year, Bithynia ravaged by them. 



