54-0 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"259, July 22d" (Pont., and Clint.), Dionysius ordained twenty-third bishop of Rome. 



"260 A. D." (coins, Zosim., and Clint.), in the East, Valerianus defeated by the Persian king 

 Sapor, and taken prisoner. His son and colleague Gallienus remaining at home, thus became sole 

 Roman emperor. The name of Gallienus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



The physician Philumenus possibly at this time writing : — he is mentioned by Oribasius, Aetius, 

 and Alexander Trallianus (Sm. b. d. ). 



Lepidium spiiwsum of the East Mediterranean countries. The MlAHCIAC herb of Philu- 

 menus, whose chopped or bruised leaves applied fresh redden tumours, to be restored by emollient- 

 cataplasms — (Orib. xlv. 29), is referred to some species of pepper-wort by Cornarius (Daremb.) : 

 L. spinosum, its stem and branches somewhat rigid, was received from the East by Arduini ii. pi. 16 

 (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 



"The same year" (Hieronym., Vict., Ores., and Clint.), irruption across the Alps and Rhaetia 

 of Alamanni and Germani into Italy, "as far as Ravenna." 



" 261 A. D." (Hieronym., Vict., and Clint.), in Spain, the city of Tarraco captured by invading 

 Franci. — Who after a while obtaining ships, sailed along the coast, and even passed into Africa. 



"262 A. D." (Clint, iv. p. 285), Demetrianus succeeded by Paulus of Samosata, "fifteenth" 

 bishop of Antioch. Hymenaeus at this time "thirty-seventh" bishop of Jerusalem. 



"The same year" (Armnian., and Clint), Antioch captured unexpectedly and plundered by the 

 Persians. At Ephesus, the temple of Diana plundered and burned by the Scythians or Goths. And 

 on account of the pestilence, earthquake, the claiming of the empire by Odenatus at Palmyra, occu- 

 pying of Illyricum by Aureolus, and of Egypt by Aemilianus, the Sibylline books at Rome consulted 

 and a sacrifice offered to Jupiter (Trebell.). 



Formosa,* forming part of what was anciently called Houang fou, was included under the Han 

 dynasty among the Man ty countries of Southern barbarians, — and under the Youan the inhabitants 

 were called Toung fan Eastern foreigners. Under the Ming the island received the name of Ky 

 loung, from a mountain at its Northern extreme, the neighbouring harbour being anciently called Pc 

 kiang North Bay (Ming szu 323 p. 16, and Klapr. mem. i. 323). 



" 263 A. D. = 1st year of the ' yen-hing ' and 41st of Heou-tchou," the entire extinction of the 

 Han dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 



" 264 A. D. = ' hien-hi,' 1st year of Youan-ti II., of the Wei " and a descendant of Thsao-thsao 

 — (Chinese chron. table). 



" 265 A. D. = ' tai-chi,' 1st year of Wou-ti II.," head of the new dynasty of the Tcin — (Chinese 

 chron. table). 



Thea bohea of China. The use of tea traced in Chinese writings as far back as this year — 

 (geogr. plant, lond. tract soc. p. 123) ; is mentioned also in Chinese history in the " Fourth " century, 

 again in the " Sixth " (Schouw 21) ; was first taxed " in 763 ; " and from China, the living shrub was 

 introduced into Japan " prior to the Tenth century," as appears from Japanese accounts. " Sah" or 

 tea is mentioned by the early Arab travellers in China, Wahab and Abuzeid ; also by Mehemet Arabs 

 (as quoted by Ramusio). The beverage has never been much used among the Arab tribes; which 

 may in part account for its having so long remained unknown to Europeans. T. bohea was observed 

 by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, everywhere in Japan, both cultivated and springing up spontaneously. 



"The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), Dionysius succeeded by Maximus, fourteenth bishop of 

 Alexandria. 



" The same year " (Clint), letter of Longinus naming several living philosophers; and among 

 them, Eubulus of Athens, and his own pupil Porphyrins. 



Porphyrias at this time thirty-two years old by his own account (= 2 -\- " 30 in tenth Gallien.," 

 vit. Plot. iv. p. <)<)), and for the last two years a pupil of Plotinus. — In the same treatise, Porphyrius 

 mentions the " sixty-eighth year " of his own age. 



Britain is mentioned by Porphyrius, and termed " fertilis provincia tyrannorum " having many 

 kings, — as translated by Gildas hist. 4. 



* Olea fragrans of Tropical and Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Japan " mokusei " (Jap. 

 c. c. 35) ; and the " san yeou houa " flowers of "jasmin sauvage " exported from Formosa to China 

 for scenting tea — (Klapr. mem. i. 327) may be compared : O. fragrans was observed by Loureiro in 

 Anam and Tropical China: by Thunberg pi. 2, in Japan, where it is cultivated in gardens (Jap. c. a). 



Colocasia ? maxima of Formosa and the Philippines. Called in Tagalo, Pampango, and Bisaya 

 " biga" (Blanco) ; and the " arum majus " growing in the Southern portion of Formosa and having 

 leaves as large as a house, — much used by the natives (Klapr. mem. i. 331), may be compared: C. 

 maxima was observed by Blanco in shallow water on the Philippines, the leaves five feet lon°-, and 

 the decaying petioles triturated and applied externally in toothache. 



