OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 543 



lookingg'ass (Prior) ; and the " specularis " cooked and finely powdered in the " emplastri " attrib- 

 uted to king Ptolemy — by Marcellus of Bordeaux 36, may be compared : C. hybrida is described 

 by Monson v. pi. 2; is termed "c. arvensis minor siliqua ampliori » by Tournefort inst. 112 ; and 

 is known to occur in fallow ground in limestone districts in France and Britain (Pers., and Engl. 

 bot. pi. 375). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus. 



" 278 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint., see also Nicolas), in Mesopotamia, Archelaus bishop of 

 " Caschar " writing in Syriac against the Manichaeans. A translation in Greek, is mentioned by 

 Hieronymus. 



" 279 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint ), Anatolius, successor to Eusebius bishop of Laodicea, at 

 this time writing. 



"The same year " (Vopisc., and Clint.), campaign of Probus in the East, and against the 

 " Blemyas " in Upper Egypt : where he added the cities of Ptolemais and Coptos to the Roman 

 dominions. 



"280 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), Timaeus succeeded by Cyrillus, "eighteenth" bishop of 

 Antioch. 



Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devasreshtha reign- 

 ing in Hindustan. 



" 281 A. D. About this time " (Eutrop., and Clint.), by Probus, permission granted to the Gauls 

 and Pannonians to plant vineyards. 



" 282, . October " (coins, Euseb., and Clint), Probus succeeded by Cams, thirty-ninth Roman 

 emperor. The name of Carus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 



"283 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), Maximus succeeded by Theonas, "fifteenth" bishop of Alex- 

 andria. 



"End of November" (Cod. Justin., Vopisc, and Clint.), death of Carus near Ctesiphon, war- 

 ring against the Persians. He was succeeded by Carinus, fortieth Roman emperor. The name of 

 Carinus occurs on coins issued in Egypt; as also the name of his brother and colleague, the poet 

 Numerianus. 



" Dec. 7th " (Clint.), death of Eutychianus ; and " before the close of the year," Caius ordained 

 twenty-sixth bishop of Rome. 



"284, Sept. 17th" (Clint), notwithstanding that Carinus outlived his brother, the accession of 

 Diocletian always computed from this date (see p. xvi). 



"6th day of eighth lunat." (ann. Jap., and Klaproth), by O-zin, an embassy sent to Corea to pro- 

 cure men capable of teaching Chinese literature and civilization. 



"285 A. D." (ann. Jap , and Kiapr.), returning from Corea, Wo-nin (Wang-jin) brought the Lun 

 yu of Confucius and other books, and introduced the art of reading and writing into Japan. 



The art of spinning and weaving was at the same time introduced (ann. Jap., and Klapr.) : or 

 (according to the Nihon-gi, the most ancient book on Japanese history, centen. comm. 77), four girls 

 were brought back to teach the art of weaving plain and figured silk-goods. In other words, the 

 Silk manufacture. 



"In this year" (Idat., and Clint ), Carinus defeated and slain, and his name erased from the 

 Fasti by Diocletian ; who substituted his own. 



The great syenite column so conspicuous at Alexandria, erected (according to a Greek inscrip- 

 tion on its base) in the reign of Diocletian. 



"286 A. D." (Vict, and Clint.), campaign of Maximian colleague of Diocletian, against the' 

 Bagaudic faction in Gaul. In successive skirmishes, the insurgents were subdued and quieted. 



Hardly earlier than this date, a colony from Kling (Southeastern Hindustan) led by Tritresta or 

 Aji Saka to Java; where he found the inhabitants rude and subsisting principally on "the grain called 

 "jawa-wut" (Setaria Itatica). After several combats, he formed a settlement at Giling Wesi and 

 introduced the religion and arts of Hindustan. — On his return to Guj'rat. he delivered to his sover- 

 eign Prabu Jaya Baya "a written account of all he had seen and done" (Nata Kasuma, Adi Mang'- 

 gala, and Raffles x.). 



The Javan alphabet formed perhaps shortly after the arrival of Aji Saka, — to whom it is attributed.* 



"287 A. D." (Vict., Eutrop., and Clint), death-sentence against Carausius, a Menapian from 

 the mouths of the Rhine employed by the Romans to keep order on the sea, infested at the time by 

 Franci and Saxones. Hearing of the sentence, Carausius escaped with the fleet to Britain, and 

 established himself there as king. 



* Pandanus sp. of Burmah and the neighbouring countries. An upland screw-pine ; and the 

 "godong'i pandan " Pandanus leaf or mystical meaning of the letter "rang kang," — may be com- 

 pared : observed by Mason v. 521 in Burmah, growing "above tide -waters," the leaves furnishing the 

 "smaller and finer mats in common use." Farther East, the Pandanus found by Loureiro ii. p. 603 

 employed in Anam for hedges and for feeding tame elephants, may also be compared. 



