546 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"312, Sept. 1st" (Clint), beginning of the Indictions. A cycle of "fifteen years," substituted 

 by Constantine for the Olympiads. 



"The same year, at the close of the persecution against Christians " (Clint.), Methodius bishop 

 of Tyre put to death. Also " in this year " (Hieronym., and Clint), Petrus succeeded by Achillas, 

 " seventeenth " bishop of Alexandria. 



"313 A. D. = 'kien-hing,' 1st year of Ming-ti II., of the Tcin " or Ninth dynasty— (Chinese 

 chron. table). 



"The same year" (Lactant, and Clint.), edict by Constantine and Licinius in favour of the 

 Christians. Death of Diocletian. Maximinus defeated by Licinius near Byzantium, and, fleeing 

 Southward, died near Tarsus. From this time, persecutions against Christians ceased. 



" The same year" (Augustin., and Clint.), Caecilianus bishop of Carthage accused before Con- 

 stantine by Donatus ; tried and acquitted by an ecclesiastical court, Melciades thirtieth bishop of 

 Rome presiding. 



"315 A. D." (cod. Justin, i. 9. 3, and Clint), edict of Constantine against the Jews. Prohibiting 

 the persecution of persons leaving the Sect ; and prohibiting joining the Sect. 



In this year (=" 240 an. jav." of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x.), death of Watu Gunung from Kling 

 (Southeastern Hindustan), successor of Agi Saka as chief of the Hindu colony at Giling Wesi on 

 Java. Gutaka was sent from Kling to be the third governor.* 



"317 A. D. ='kien-wou,' 1st year of Youan-ti III., of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty (Chinese 

 chron. table). The seat of government now removed from Ho-nan-fou to Nan-king; and hence the 

 name " Eastern Tcin " for the remainder of the dynasty. 



"318 A. D. = ist year of the ' tai'-hing ' of Youan-ti III." — (Chinese chron. table). 



"319 A. D." (= 56 B. C. — " 375th " year of Tod, Prinsep i. p. 36), era of Valabhi Samvat, or of 

 the Balhara dynasty of Hindu kings of Guzerat. — Ruling in the time of the early Arabian travellers 

 whose narrative is translated by Renaudot p. 15. 



"320 A. D." (Nazar., and Clint.), in Gaul, the Franci defeated by Crispus son of Constantine. 



"321 A. D." (Hieronym., Prosp., and Clint.), Alexander ordained "eighteenth" bishop of 

 Alexandria : and the expulsion by him of Arius a presbyter, from communion with the church. Sil- 

 vester at this time thirty-first bishop of Rome ; Philogonus, bishop of Antioch ; Macarius, bishop of 

 Jerusalem; and Alexander, bishop of Byzantium. 



" 322 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), the Sarmatae defeated and pursued beyond the Danube by 

 Constantine. 



Apsyrtus, the veterinary physician, rendering important services in this war — (Spreng. comm. 

 D. iv. 8). 



" 323 A. D. =' tai-ning,' 1st year of Ming-ti III., of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 

 chron. table). 



" September " (Vict, and Clint.), surrender of Licinius, defeated near Byzantium by sea and 

 land. 



"In this year" (palm- leaf ann. Jagan., and \Y. \V. Hunter), invasion and conquest of Orissa by 

 Yavanas under Rakta Bahu (Red-arm) ; king Sobhan Deva taking with him in his flight a wooden 

 imi^e of Vishnu entitled "jagannath " (Lord of the YVoild). — Ch.indra-deva was placed on the 

 throne by the Yavanas ; who in 328 put him to death, and held the country "one hundred and forty- 

 six years." 



"324 A. D." (cod. Theodos., and Clint), Licinius put to death, and on " .Vay 16th" his laws 

 abrogated : Constantine being now sole emperor. 



Christianity appears to have made more iapid progress in Egypt than in any other country : and 

 after the central conversion, temples were no longer reared by princes.' Architectural taste however 

 continued, as shown by ramtius of churches in the Thebaid : where also is abundant evidence, that 

 the early Christians did not destroy antiquities ; while their deserted villages present more refinement, 

 — than prevails in that district at the present day. 



* Spinifex sqnarrosus of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archi- 

 pelago. A singular sand-binding gramineous plant called in Malabar " illy mulu " (Rheede) ; and 

 the superstitious belief that its light globular heads driven along the sands by the wind " are pro- 

 pelled by the devil" (Rumph.), as eaily probably as this date : — S. squarrosus was observed by 

 Rheede xii. pi. 75 in Malabar ; by Graham, "common in the beach near Bandora," in the vicinity of 

 Bombay; by Tennent, and Drury, on sandy shores of the peninsula and Ceylon ; by Mason 47S, "on 

 all the sandy beaches " of Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, but having no' native name : by 

 myself, on the beaches of islands around the Sulu Sea, its globular heads floating away from the 

 land. 



