550 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"355 A. D." (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), by a synod at Milan, Constantius II. being present, 

 Liberius thirty-fourth bishop of Rome exiled and Felix appointed in his place : at the same time, 

 Eusebius bishop of Vercelli in Italy also exiled, together with Lucifer bishop of Sardinia, and Hila- 

 rius Pictavensis. — At the end of two years, by advice of Fortunatianus, Liberius returned and sub- 

 scribed to the Arian faith (Hieronym. cat. 97)." 



"In this year" (Bartol. Borghesi, and Sm. b. d.), Pasiphilus praefect of the city: probably the 

 person to whom Palladius dedicates his fourteenth book on agriculture. — Palladius is mentioned by 

 Isidorus Hispalensis, and Cassiodorus. 



Cratagus monogyna of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "trikokkia" or "tzap- 

 ournia" (Sibth.) ; and the S p I N U S of Palladius iii. 25 op which pears and apples can be grafted, 

 — may be compared : C. monogyna is termed " m. apii folio sylvestris spinosa sive oxyacantha " by 

 Tournefort inst. 642; is known~to grow in middle Europe (J acq. austr., fl. Dan. pi. 1161, and Sibth. 

 oxon. 156) but chiefly in the South (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Pelopon- 

 nesus and on Zacynthus, often with pears or plums grafted on the stem ; is known to grow also 

 towards Caucasus (Pall. fl. ross. i. pi. 12) ; but is regarded by Bory as not distinct from C. 

 oxyacantha. 



"356 A. D." (Athan., and Clint.), by Constantius II., Athanasius exiled and Georgius of Cap- 

 padocia appointed bishop of Alexandria. Athanasius now retired into the Desert. 



"357, April 30th" (Ammian., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of Constantius II. And by his direc- 

 tion, an obelisk (now called " the Lateran obelisk ") brought there in the same year from Egypt. 



" 358, August " (Ammian., Idat, and Clint.), by a severe earthquake, Nicomeclia overthrown, and 

 "one hundred and fifty" other cities, in Macedonia. Asia Minor, and Pontus, more or less injured. 



"359 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), the historian Ammianus Marcellinus at Samosata in Meso- 

 potamia ; and his mission to the satrap of Corduene. 



Rlieum palmatum of Eastern Thibet and its mountainous prolongation into China. The rhu- 

 barb of commerce is called in Bengalee "reuchini," in Hindustanee " rewand " or " rewand chini " 

 (D'roz.), and is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus — (according to voyag. Belg.) : the " rheum 

 barbarum" of Isidorus Hispalensis viii. 3 and xvii. 9, and Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 21. 155, is referred 

 here by Sprengel ; the "rheum indicum " or " chinense " is mentioned by Matthaeus Sylvaticus 

 pand. 589, and other medieval writers (Spreng.); the "rawand," by Rhazes, Mesue simpl., Aver- 

 rhoes, and Ebn Baitar • rhubarb was seen by Rubruquis in Central Asia, brought by caravans 

 (Pouchet) ; by Marco Polo, procured from Succur in Tanguth (Royle) ; by Vertoman or Barthema, 

 sold in Korasan ; and according to Rehman, the trade is in the hands of one Bucharian family, who 

 farm the monopoly from the Chinese government and reside at Si-ning. The living plant is known 

 to grow in clefts of rocks on the high and arid mountains around lake Kokonor, and the Sue-chan 

 or snowy mountains in the Chinese provinces of Kansu and Letchuen (Royle ill. Him.). Of all the 

 kinds seen by Guibourt under cultivation, R. palmatum alone resembled exactly in odour and smell 

 the rhubarb of China; is even according to Stevenson and Churchill " extensively cultivated near 

 Banbury for the supply of the London market " (Lindl.). 



"360 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), Julian passing the winter in Paris ; and Lupicinus sent into 

 Britain to repel an invasion of the Scots and Picts. Death of Helena wife of Julian. 



Calendula officinalis of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain marigold, by Treveris " mary gowles," 

 by old English poets "golde" (Prior), in Anglo-Saxon glossaries " solsequa " (Cockayne), in France 

 " souci " (Nugent), in Germany •' ringelblume " (Grieb), at Constantinople " hamouvuor£ta," in 

 Yemen " zobejde " (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " gul-i-mariyam " or " pbirkj " or " genda," in Bengalee 

 "genda phul" (D'roz.), in Burmah " htat-ta-ya " (Mason), at Lahore " adsrioon " (Honigb. 379, and 

 J. F. Wats.), by the Ainos " urajenekina," by the Japanese " kin-sen-kwa " (Sieb.) ; and the C H R U 

 S^NTHUS of the Culex 404 — (attributed to Virgil), maybe compared: "winking marybuds " 

 with "golden eyes " and the "marigold " are mentioned by Shakespeare cymb. ii. 3 and w. t. iv. 3, 

 and the garden flower according to Persoon, and Lindley, springs up spontaneously in cultivated 

 ground in Southern Europe. Eastward, the " adsriun " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar • C. officinalis 

 was observed by Forskal under cultivation at Constantinople and on the mountains of Yemen ; by 

 Delile, in the gardens of Egypt; by Graham, "in gardens" at Bombay; by Mason, "exotic" in 

 Burmah ; and by Siebold, on Yeso. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America 

 before 1670 (Joss.), where it continues in gardens. Formerly according to Lindley "much employed 

 as a carminative, it is chiefly used now to adulterate saffron." 



" At this lime " (Hieronym., and Clint.), " in the name of peace and the king," the Arians in 

 communion with all Christian churches. 



"361, November" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Constantius II. succeeded by Julian, now forty-fifth 

 Roman emperor. Ancient Heathenism once more and for the last time becoming the religion of the 

 State. Julian however tolerated all religions. 



