OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 557 



Trifolium repens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "triphulli" 

 (Sibth.), in Britain white clover or Dutch clover, in Ireland shamrock or "seamr-og" holy trefoil; 

 in which we recognize the Celtic name of clover VISum&RUS sheep-sumar in Marcellus 3 — (Prior) : 

 T. repens was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in grassy situations from Crete and the Pelo- 

 ponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; is known to grow also about Caucasus (Bieb.) and the 

 Talusch mountains, and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., and Ledeb.). Westward, 

 the "hwite claefran" is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 20. 21 (Cockayne); is termed 

 "t pratense album" by Tournefort inst. 404; is known to grow in Barbary (Boiss. i. p. 170) and 

 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 990, Hook., and 

 Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Lem., and Wats.) ; to 

 Jamaica (Dec.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, multiplying especially 

 in grassy clearings ; to Austral Africa (Meyer, and A. Dec.) ; and to New Zealand, as verified by 

 myself. 



Ervum hirsutum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tine-tare from 

 enclosing and imprisoning other plants, in Anglo-Saxon " tynan " (Prior); and the heR b\ Tl N I 

 &.TIC2l of Marcellus 17 — may be compared: E. hirsutum is termed " vicia minima " by Tragus 

 (Spreng.), " v. segetum cum siliquis plurimis hirsutis " by Tournefort inst. 397 ; and is known to 

 occur as a weed in grain-fields in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 

 pi. 639, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to occur sparingly in 

 waste and cultivated ground from Massachusetts to Virginia and Carolina (Raf., A. Gray, Chapm., 

 and myself). 



Potentilla comarum of Northern climates. Called in Britain purple-wort or purple marshwort 

 or purple marshlock (Prior) ; and the I k N T H I 6 I S h 6 R b ^ e growing inhlimidlS LOCIS pre- 

 scribed by Marcellus 17 — may be compared: P. comarum is described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 212; 

 was observed by Scopoli in North Italy ; and is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle 

 and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Crantz, Gilibert, Lamarck fl. fr., fl. Dan. pi. 636, and Wats.) ; 

 was observed by Pallas between the Yenisei and Baikal ; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. West- 

 ward, by Hooker on Iceland ; is known to grow on Greenland; was observed by Lapylaie from Lat. 

 52 on Newfoundland; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay to Quebec; by myself, along the Atlantic 

 as far as 42° ; by Torrey to 41 ; by Nuttall, as far West as the Missouri ; by Mertens, at Norfolk 

 Sound on the Pacific; and is known to grow from Bear Lake to Bering's Straits (Hook.). Has been 

 used medicinally, according to W. Coles simpl. 27 as " an excellent remedy against the purples " 

 (Prior). 



Cirshun lanceolatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The juice of the h £R b&.m 

 C&Rdlll &.GR6STIS expressed in a mortar, prescribed by Marcellus 6, — may be compared: also 

 the "scearpe thistel " of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook iii. 12: C. lanceolatus is termed " c. lanceatus 

 latifolius " by Tournefort inst. 440 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Forskal on Malta ; and 

 is known to occur in North Africa (Wats.), and in waste and fallow ground throughout middle and 

 Northern Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 1173, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 

 thorp around Constantinople ; and is known to occur in cultivated ground in the Tauro-Caspian coun- 

 tries (Bieb.). By European colonists, was carried to Iceland (Hook.) ; and to Northeast America, 

 where it has become naturalized, though chiefly occurring along roadsides and in fallow ground as far 

 South according to Chapman as Augusta on the Savannah. 



Artemisia valksiaca of Western Europe. The kbSINTHIl G&.LLICI prescribed by Mar- 

 cellus 15 — may be compared : A. vallesiaca is termed "absinthium vallesiacum tenuifolium candi- 

 dum sive herba alba" by Bauhin hist. 179 ; is known to grow in sandy situations in Italy, Switzerland, 

 France, and Spain (All., Lam., and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Lindley among medicinal plants. 



Primula auricula of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain French cowslip or from 

 the shape of its leaves eear's-ears, in medieval Latin "ursi auricula" (Prior); and the heRbkm 

 called in Gaul VeRNeTuS according to Marcellus 9, its juice to be instilled in the ear, — may be 

 compared : P. auricula is described by Gesner, and Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in 

 alpine situations in Switzerland and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 405, Villars ii. 469, Pers., and Beckm.). 

 Transferred to wardens, it has become a favourite flower, cultivated under numerous varieties through- 

 out Europe, and has been carried to Northeast America. 



Lathrcea squamaria of middle Europe. From the tooth-like scales at the base of the stem called 

 in Britain tooth-wort (Prior) ; andtheheRbke peduNCUlARI^e S I C Cke prescribed by Mar- 

 cellus 8 may be compared. L. squamaria is termed "squamaria orobanche " by Scopoli, " clan- 



destina penduliflora " by Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; and is known to grow in deep shade as far as 

 Britain and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 136, and Pers.). 



Convallaria majalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood lily 



