OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 56 1 



At this time (as appears from Vigilantius, Hieronymus, Alsted, and Clint.), image-symbols, 

 lighting of candles, relics of saints, and invocation of saints, already used in Christian worship. 

 Vigilantius writing also against prayers for the dead, vigils, and the celibacy of the clergy. 



"In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ri-tsiou succeeded by his brother Fan-sio, now nine- 

 teenth dairo of Japan * 



" The same year = beginning of the Thirteenth manwantara '" among the Hindus — (Graha Mun- 

 jari tables, and Benth.) 



"407 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), Hieronymus, Joannes bishop of Jerusalem, Eulogius bishop of 

 Caesarea, Epiphanius of Cyprus, and Theophilns of Alexandria, all seen by Idatius, now in early 

 youth. 



"The same year" (Prosp., and Clint.), in Britain, revolt of Constantine a Roman soldier; who 

 taking advantage of his name, extended his authority over the people and crossed into Gaul. Coins 

 of Constantine are extant. 



"May 1st" (Prosp., and Clint.), Arcadius succeeded by Theodosius II., at the age of "eight 

 years " second Byzantine emperor. The work of demolishing the temples of the ancient religion 

 continued to be zealously prosecuted (Sm. biogr. diet.) ; for Monumental history, a disastrous 

 measure. 



"The same year " (Zosim., and Clint ), Stilicho put to death at Ravenna. When "thirty thou- 

 sand "of his troops joining the Goths, Alaric marched and laid siege to Rome. Terms however 

 were offered, and Alaric withdrew. 



"409 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), second siege of Rome by the Goths. Spain invaded and 

 overrun by the Vandali. Alani, and Suevi : the Vandali continuing beyond into Africa. 



"410 A. D. (=418" of Sam. Aniens., J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Armenian alphabet 

 invented by Miesrob ; who at the same time commenced a version of the Bible — More than twenty- 

 one years elapsed before the version was completed; Moses of Chorene being part of the time 

 employed on it. This version is the earliest known example of the Armenian language. 



"Aug. 24th" (Cedren., and Clint.), after a third siege, Rome captured and plundered by the 

 Goths under Alaric. Who, dying shortly afterwards, was succeeded as king by Ataulfus. 



411 A. D. (=36o.-j-"42 years reign" of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Upatissa succeeded by his 

 brother Maha-nawma, now king of Ceylon. 



Bauhinia acuminata of Tropical Africa ? The white Bauhinia, a shrub six to ten feet high, 

 called in Burmah " ma-ha-hlae-ga-phyoo " (Mason); and from early times, cultivated for its large 

 blue-white fragrant flowers : the " mahanel " flower exhaling fragrance according to the Mahavamsa 

 i. p. 8, — may be compared : B. acuminata was observed by Mason v. 405 to 771 "exotic" in Bur- 

 mah. Westward, by Rheede i. pi. 34 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindu- 

 stan ; by Graham, " in gardens common " around Bombay, and notwithstanding the opinion of 

 Desvaux, he regards the " farek " seen by Bruce vii. pi. 18 in Abyssinia as possibly identical. 



Morinda citrifolia of Tropical shores from the Seychelles and Hindustan throughout the Malayan 

 archipelago and neighbouring Polynesian islands. A small tree called in Hindustanee " al " or 

 " atchy," in Telinga "molagha" or " maddichettoo," in Tamil " manja-pavattay " or "noona" 

 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " aal " (Graham), in Martaban and Pegu " nie-pa-hsae," in Tenas- 

 serim " nyau " (Mason), in Ylocano " apatot," in Pampango " taliantar," in Tagalo and Bisaya 

 " bancudo " or " pancudo " or " bangcoro " or " mambog " or " tumbong aso " or " tacpus " or " culit " 

 or "lino" or " nino " (Blanco), on the Tarawan coral-islands "non," on the Otafuan coral-islands 

 and the Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian rocky groups " nono," on the Marquesas and Hawaiian 



* Tilia cordata of Japan. Its bark from early times used for bast and making musquito-nets 



— (see Jap. centen. comm. 77). 



Pueraria Tkunbergiana of Japan. From early times used for making cordage and coarse cloth 



— (see Jap. c. c. 76). 



IVistaria Chinensis of Eastern Asia. A shrubby twiner called in Japan "too" or "fudsi" 

 (Thunb.), and from early times used there for making cordage and coarse cloth, also for braiding 

 hats and other articles, and planted for arbours in gardens — (see Jap. c. c. 76 to 81) : observed in 

 Japan by Kaempfer v. 856, and Thunberg, described also by Houttuyn viii. pi. 64. 



Salix- Buergeriana of Japan. A willow from early times used for making bast — (see Jap. 

 c. c. 76). 



Musabasho of the Philippines. Called in Tagalo "abaca" (Blanco), yielding Manila hemp, 

 and from early times used in Japan for making cordage and coarse cloth— (see Jap. c. c. 76). 

 Farther South, observed by Dampier only on Mindanao; by Blanco, a most useful plant carefully 

 cultivated in Camarines and o;her parts of the Philippines. 



7' 



